Relativizing Human Rights

Relativizing Human Rights
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人权相对化

DOI:
10.1080/14754835.2012.730917
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发表时间:
2012
影响因子:
1.9
通讯作者:
Landman T
Landman T
中科院分区:
法学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Landman T

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一些捐助国的研究、政策分析和有条件援助政策依赖于基于标准的国家人权业绩衡量标准。这些指标根据美国国务院和大赦国际发布的叙述性报告对年度业绩进行编码。我们认为,编码产生的国家绩效排名是“绝对的”,或反映了人权绩效的现状,而没有考虑到各国国内的相对社会、政治或经济条件。虽然这一绝对排名有助于对一些人权问题和政策应用进行经验分析,但在其他工作领域可能导致不正确的结果。本文提供了一种对国家人权表现进行排名的替代方法,该方法考虑到与保护公民权利和政治权利有关的一系列其他变量。该方法包括三个阶段。第一阶段对公民权利和政治权利的五种不同的基于标准的衡量标准进行主成分因素分析,以提取一个单一的人权“因素得分”。第二阶段对具有广泛共识的保护公民权利和政治权利的一系列解释性变量的因素得分进行回归,然后将剩余部分作为各国在保护这些权利方面表现“好”或“差”的指标。第三阶段绘制“因素得分”和相对得分,以比较不同时间和不同区域的人权表现的不同衡量标准。我们的研究结果导致对世界人权进步的新描述,我们相信这将对人权学者和实践者感兴趣。
Research, policy analysis, and conditional aid policy among some donor countries rely on standards-based measures of country human rights performance. These measures code annual performance based on narrative reports published by the US State Department and Amnesty International. The coding yields a performance ranking for countries that in our view is “absolute” or reflects that current state of human rights performance without taking into account the relative social, political, or economic conditions within countries. While this absolute ranking is useful for empirical analyses of some human rights questions and policy applications, it can lead to perverse outcomes in other areas of work. This article provides an alternative method for ranking country human rights performance that takes into account an array of additional variables that are related to the protection of civil and political rights. The method involves three stages. Stage one applies principal component factor analysis to five different standards-based measures of civil and political rights to extract a single human rights “factor score.” Stage two regresses the factor score on a series of explanatory variables for the protection of civil and political rights for which there is widespread consensus and then saves the residual as an indicator of the “over” or “under” performance of countries with respect to the protection of those rights. Stage three plots the “factor score” alongside the relative score to compare these different measures of human rights performance over time and across different regions. Our results lead to a new depiction of human rights progress in the world that we believe will be of interest to human rights scholars and practitioners.
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