Beyond the bilingual advantage: The potential role of genes and environment on the development of cognitive control.
Beyond the bilingual advantage: The potential role of genes and environment on the development of cognitive control.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jneuroling.2015.04.002
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发表时间：
2015-08
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Grigorenko EL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hernandez AE;Greene MR;Vaughn KA;Francis DJ;Grigorenko EL
近年来，关于在涉及认知控制的任务中双语优势的存在或不存在一直存在相当大的争论。我们之前的工作已经证明，单语者和双语者在单词学习和图片选择任务中避免干扰方面的大脑活动存在差异。最近的认知控制模型强调了一组神经结构的重要性，这些神经结构可能会因接触两种语言而显示出差异调谐。还有证据表明，遗传因素在参与认知控制的神经结构中多巴胺的可用性方面发挥作用。因此，重要的是要调查是否有互动效应产生变异时，归因于遗传（例如，多巴胺周转的特征）和环境（例如，两种语言的接触）因素。在这里，报告了双语和单语个体样本的基因分型的初步结果。它们揭示了DRD 2/ANKK 1 taq 1A多态性的等位基因频率的不同分布。这些结果提出的可能性，双语者可能会表现出额外的灵活性，由于相对于单语者的遗传特征的差异。未来的研究应该考虑基因型作为一个可能的贡献因素的发展，认知控制在不同的语言学习历史的个人。
In recent years there has been considerable debate about the presence or absence of a bilingual advantage in tasks that involve cognitive control. Our previous work has established evidence of differences in brain activity between monolinguals and bilinguals in both word learning and in the avoidance of interference during a picture selection task. Recent models of cognitive control have highlighted the importance of a set of neural structures that may show differential tuning due to exposure to two languages. There is also evidence that genetic factors play a role in the availability of dopamine in neural structures involved in cognitive control. Thus, it is important to investigate whether there are interactions effects generating variability in language acquisition when attributed to genetic (e.g., characteristics of dopamine turnover) and environmental (e.g., exposure to two languages) factors. Here preliminary results from genotyping of a sample of bilingual and monolingual individuals are reported. They reveal different distributions in allele frequencies of the DRD2/ANKK1 taq1A polymorphism. These results bring up the possibility that bilinguals may exhibit additional flexibility due to differences in genetic characteristics relative to monolinguals. Future studies should consider genotype as a possible contributing factor to the development of cognitive control across individuals with different language learning histories.
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