Pacman in the sky with shadows: the effect of cast shadows on the perceptual completion of occluded figures by chimpanzees and humans.
Pacman in the sky with shadows: the effect of cast shadows on the perceptual completion of occluded figures by chimpanzees and humans.
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DOI：
10.1186/1744-9081-6-38
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发表时间：
2010-07-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Imura T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tomonaga M;Imura T
当这些形状的某些部分被另一个物体遮挡时，人类很容易将整个形状视为完整。这种类型的非模态完成在非人类动物中也被广泛报道，并且与图像深度感知有关。然而，投射阴影的影响，一个关键的图片深度线索amodal完成已被调查很少从比较认知的角度。在目前的研究中，我们在黑猩猩和人类身上研究了这种效应。黑猩猩对带有遮挡正方形的Pacman目标的反应比对照条件慢，这表明参与者在感知上完成了整个圆圈。当一个投下的阴影被添加到广场，amodal完成发生在两个物种。然而，另一方面，当投下的阴影被添加到吃豆人图形时，物种之间的关键差异出现了，这意味着吃豆人在天空中投下了广场上的阴影。投射的阴影在很大程度上阻止了人类的强制性非模态完成，但对黑猩猩没有影响。这些结果表明，投射阴影在使人类能够推断Pacman和正方形之间的空间关系方面发挥了关键作用。然而，对于黑猩猩来说，投射的阴影可能被视为另一个“物体”。在人类认知发展方面，投射阴影在感知图像深度方面的作用有限。从比较发展的角度对非人灵长类动物进行进一步的研究，将有助于阐明投射阴影在视觉感知中作用的进化起源。
Humans readily perceive whole shapes as intact when some portions of these shapes are occluded by another object. This type of amodal completion has also been widely reported among nonhuman animals and is related to pictorial depth perception. However, the effect of a cast shadow, a critical pictorial-depth cue for amodal completion has been investigated only rarely from the comparative-cognitive perspective. In the present study, we examined this effect in chimpanzees and humans. Chimpanzees were slower in responding to a Pacman target with an occluding square than to the control condition, suggesting that participants perceptually completed the whole circle. When a cast shadow was added to the square, amodal completion occurred in both species. On the other hand, however, critical differences between the species emerged when the cast shadow was added to the Pacman figure, implying that Pacman was in the sky casting a shadow on the square. The cast shadow prevented, to a significant extent, compulsory amodal completion in humans, but had no effect on chimpanzees. These results suggest that cast shadows played a critical role in enabling humans to infer the spatial relationship between Pacman and the square. For chimpanzees, however, a cast shadow may be perceived as another "object". A limited role for cast shadows in the perception of pictorial depth has also been reported with respect to human cognitive development. Further studies on nonhuman primates using a comparative-developmental perspective will clarify the evolutionary origin of the role of cast shadows in visual perception.
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