Using Thermodynamics to Predict the Outcomes of Nitrate-Based Oil Reservoir Souring Control Interventions.
Using Thermodynamics to Predict the Outcomes of Nitrate-Based Oil Reservoir Souring Control Interventions.
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DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2017.02575
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Hubert CRJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dolfing J;Hubert CRJ
酸化是指硫酸盐还原菌 (SRB) 在油藏中产生硫化氢 (H2S)。酸化是水驱二次采油过程中的常见问题，特别是当引入硫酸盐浓度高的海水时。将硝酸盐注入这些油藏可以通过刺激硝酸盐还原菌（NRB）来防止和修复酸化。已经提出了两种概念上不同的 NRB 促进酸化控制机制：硝酸盐-硫酸盐竞争电子供体（油源有机物或 H2）和硝酸盐驱动的硫化物氧化。热力学可以促进预测在不同情况下最有可能发生哪种硝酸盐驱动机制。从热力学角度来看，问题是“哪种反应产生更多的能量，硝酸盐驱动的硫化物氧化还是硝酸盐驱动的有机化合物氧化？”可以改写为：“乙酸盐驱动的硫酸盐还原为硫化物是放能的还是吸能的？”我们的分析表明，在油田遇到的条件下，硫酸盐驱动的乙酸盐（或其他SRB有机电子给体）氧化总是比硫化物氧化成硫酸盐更有利。这预示着氧化乙酸盐的有机营养型 NRB 将战胜氧化硫化物的石质营养型 NRB。然而，硫化物氧化成元素硫则不同。在低乙酸盐条件下，HS− 氧化比乙酸盐氧化更有利。当硝酸盐含量较低时，硫化物可能不完全氧化成 S0，并且低温有利于这种情况；油田地上设施可能遇到的条件，其中中间硫化合物（如 S0）可能会导致腐蚀。这些发现对油藏管理策略、评估硝酸盐酸化控制策略的成功和进展以及与酸化和硝酸盐注入相关的腐蚀风险具有重要意义。
Souring is the undesirable production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in oil reservoirs by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Souring is a common problem during secondary oil recovery via water flooding, especially when seawater with its high sulfate concentration is introduced. Nitrate injection into these oil reservoirs can prevent and remediate souring by stimulating nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB). Two conceptually different mechanisms for NRB-facilitated souring control have been proposed: nitrate-sulfate competition for electron donors (oil-derived organics or H2) and nitrate driven sulfide oxidation. Thermodynamics can facilitate predictions about which nitrate-driven mechanism is most likely to occur in different scenarios. From a thermodynamic perspective the question “Which reaction yields more energy, nitrate driven oxidation of sulfide or nitrate driven oxidation of organic compounds?” can be rephrased as: “Is acetate driven sulfate reduction to sulfide exergonic or endergonic?” Our analysis indicates that under conditions encountered in oil fields, sulfate driven oxidation of acetate (or other SRB organic electron donors) is always more favorable than sulfide oxidation to sulfate. That predicts that organotrophic NRB that oxidize acetate would outcompete lithotrophic NRB that oxidize sulfide. However, sulfide oxidation to elemental sulfur is different. At low acetate HS− oxidation is more favorable than acetate oxidation. Incomplete oxidation of sulfide to S0 is likely to occur when nitrate levels are low, and is favored by low temperatures; conditions that can be encountered at oil field above-ground facilities where intermediate sulfur compounds like S0 may cause corrosion. These findings have implications for reservoir management strategies and for assessing the success and progress of nitrate-based souring control strategies and the attendant risks of corrosion associated with souring and nitrate injection.
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影响因子：
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