SONG AND MATE CHOICE IN BIRDS: HOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIOR HELPS US UNDERSTAND FUNCTION

SONG AND MATE CHOICE IN BIRDS: HOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIOR HELPS US UNDERSTAND FUNCTION
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鸟类的鸣叫和择偶:行为的发展如何帮助我们理解功能

DOI:
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发表时间:
2005
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
W. Searcy
W. Searcy
中科院分区:
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文献类型:
--
作者:
S. Nowicki;W. Searcy

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作为对动物行为研究的贡献,诺贝尔奖获得者Niko Tinbergen最为人所熟知的可能是他阐明了行为学的“四个问题”,概述了人们可以用四种方式回答更广泛的问题--“为什么”动物会这样做(Tinbergen 1951,1963)。这四个问题涉及(1)因果关系(即,什么生理机制负责行为的表达?),(2)个体发育(什么因素影响行为的发展?),(3)功能(行为如何增强稳定性?)和(4)进化(行为的历史前因是什么?)。尽管研究人员可能只专注于这些问题中的一个或一个子集,但丁伯根坚持认为,必须解决所有这四个问题,才能完全回答动物为什么会有行为的问题。丁伯根认为,朱利安·赫胥黎(1942)提出了因果分析、功能分析和历史分析代表了行为研究的不同方法这一观点。丁伯根自己的贡献,他声称,是增加了个体发生学赫胥黎的清单(丁伯根1963)。因此,具有讽刺意味的是,人们对发展的兴趣在某种程度上减弱了,因为丁伯根帮助建立的行为学科学催生了更现代的神经行为学学科,主要关注因果机制,以及行为生态学,强调功能和进化分析。然而,最近出现了对发展感兴趣的新原因,因为研究人员已经意识到,与神经和生理因果机制相互作用的发展过程可以对行为的功能和进化产生重要的影响。在鸟类歌唱的研究中,发展和因果关系与行为的功能和进化的相互作用是最明显的。在这里,我们探索丁伯根的四个问题之间的相互作用对于理解关于鸟类歌唱的一个核心问题的价值。
A contributions to the study of animal behavior, Nobel laureate Niko Tinbergen is perhaps best remembered for articulating the “four questions” of ethology, outlining four ways in which one could answer the broader question of “why” an animal behaves the way it does (Tinbergen 1951, 1963). Those four questions address (1) causation (i.e. what physiological mechanisms are responsible for the expression of the behavior?), (2) ontogeny (what factors aff ect the development of the behavior?), (3) function (how does the behavior enhance fi tness?), and (4) evolution (what are the historical antecedents of the behavior?). Although researchers may focus their work on only one or a subset of those questions, Tinbergen maintained that all four must be addressed to answer completely the question of “why” an animal performs a behavior. Tinbergen credited Julian Huxley (1942) with introducing the idea that causal, functional, and historical analyses represent distinct approaches to the study of behavior. Tinbergen’s own contribution, he claimed, was to add ontogeny to Huxley’s list (Tinbergen 1963). Thus, it is ironic that interest in development waned, to some degree, as the science of ethology that Tinbergen helped establish gave rise to the more contemporary disciplines of neuroethology, which focuses primarily on causal mechanisms, and behavioral ecology, which emphasizes functional and evolutionary analyses. Recently, however, new reasons for interest in development have emerged, as researchers have realized that developmental processes, interacting with neural and physiological mechanisms of causation, can have important consequences for the function and evolution of behavior. Nowhere is the interaction of development and causation with the function and evolution of behavior more apparent than in the study of bird song. Here, we explore the value of the interplay among Tinbergen’s four questions for understanding a central question about bird song.
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