Is Selling Complete Information (Approximately) Optimal?

Is Selling Complete Information (Approximately) Optimal?
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出售(大约)完整信息是最佳选择吗?

DOI:
10.1145/3490486.3538304
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发表时间:
2022
期刊:
Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Zhao, Mingfei
Zhao, Mingfei
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Bergemann, Dirk;Cai, Yang;Velegkas, Grigoris;Zhao, Mingfei

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我们研究向面临不确定性决策问题的数据购买者出售信息的问题。我们考虑布莱克威尔开创的经典贝叶斯决策理论模型。最初,数据购买者仅了解与支付相关的世界状态的部分信息。数据卖家提供有关世界状况的附加信息。这些信息是通过信号方案(也称为实验)揭示的。在单代理设置中,任何机制都可以表示为实验菜单。 Bergemann 等人最近发表的一篇论文[8]呈现二元状态和二元动作环境中收入最优机制的完整特征。相比之下,对于采取更多行动的案件,尚无任何特征。在本文中,我们考虑了更一般的环境,并研究了可以说是最简单的机制,它只提供信息丰富的实验。在二元状态和 m≥3 动作的环境中,我们通过仅出售完全信息的实验来提供最佳收入的近似值,并表明近似率严格达到绝对常数因子。我们的下界的一个重要推论是,最佳菜单的大小必须至少随可用操作的数量线性增长,因此在一般单维设置中,最佳菜单的大小不存在通用上限。我们还提供了仅出售完全信息实验获得最优收入的充分条件。对于多维环境,我们证明即使在可以说是具有 3 个状态和 3 个动作的最简单匹配效用环境中,最优收入与仅出售完全信息实验的收入之间的比率也可以立即增长到代理类型数量的多项式。尽管如此,如果分布是均匀的,我们表明仅出售信息丰富的实验确实是最佳机制。
We study the problem of selling information to a data-buyer who faces a decision problem under uncertainty. We consider the classic Bayesian decision-theoretic model pioneered by Blackwell. Initially, the data buyer has only partial information about the payoff-relevant state of the world. A data seller offers additional information about the state of the world. The information is revealed through signaling schemes, also referred to as experiments. In the single-agent setting, any mechanism can be represented as a menu of experiments. A recent paper by Bergemann et al.[8] present a complete characterization of the revenue-optimal mechanism in a binary state and binary action environment. By contrast, no characterization is known for the case with more actions. In this paper, we consider more general environments and study arguably the simplest mechanism, which only sells the fully informative experiment. In the environment with binary state and m≥3 actions, we provide an-approximation to the optimal revenue by selling only the fully informative experiment and show that the approximation ratio is tight up to an absolute constant factor. An important corollary of our lower bound is that the size of the optimal menu must grow at least linearly in the number of available actions, so no universal upper bound exists for the size of the optimal menu in the general single-dimensional setting. We also provide a sufficient condition under which selling only the fully informative experiment achieves the optimal revenue.For multi-dimensional environments, we prove that even in arguably the simplest matching utility environment with 3 states and 3 actions, the ratio between the optimal revenue and the revenue by selling only the fully informative experiment can grow immediately to a polynomial of the number of agent types. Nonetheless, if the distribution is uniform, we show that selling only the fully informative experiment is indeed the optimal mechanism.
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