Fetal liver blood flow distribution: role in human developmental strategy to prioritize fat deposition versus brain development.
Fetal liver blood flow distribution: role in human developmental strategy to prioritize fat deposition versus brain development.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0041759
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Hanson MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Godfrey KM;Haugen G;Kiserud T;Inskip HM;Cooper C;Harvey NC;Crozier SR;Robinson SM;Davies L;Southampton Women's Survey Study Group;Hanson MA
在灵长类动物中，人类新生儿的大脑最大，但体脂比例也最高。如果胎盘营养供应有限，胎儿将面临两难境地：是应该将资源分配给大脑发育，还是应该分配给脂肪沉积，作为潜在的出生后能量储备？我们假设，解决这一困境是在进入胎儿肝脏的脐血分布水平上进行的。在381例妊娠晚期无并发症的妊娠中，我们使用超声技术测量了胎儿肝脏的血流灌流，或通过静脉导管绕过胎儿肝脏供应大脑和心脏。在整个胎儿生长范围内，肝脏血流量较大与母亲的肥胖和产次无关，在婴儿出生时(r = 0.43，P<；0.001)和4岁时(r = 0.16，P = 0.02)，双能X射线吸收法测量的后代脂肪质量较大。相比之下，较小的胎盘不能满足胎儿对必需营养素的需求，与脑循环模式有关(r = 0.17，p = 0.02)。这种血流模式也与通过静脉导管的更高程度的分流有关(P = 0.04)。我们认为，当需要肝脏相互转换的条件必需营养素的供应有限时，人类进化出一种发育策略，优先为产前脂肪沉积分配营养物质，如果必需营养素的供应有限，则将资源分配转向有利于大脑。促进胎盘转运葡萄糖和其他营养物质的机制是在不像现在发达人群中普遍存在的环境中发展起来的，我们认为，在母亲肥胖和营养过剩的情况下，这些机制现在也会导致产前脂肪沉积。胎儿期的发育影响在人类的脂肪沉积倾向中扮演着重要的角色。
Among primates, human neonates have the largest brains but also the highest proportion of body fat. If placental nutrient supply is limited, the fetus faces a dilemma: should resources be allocated to brain growth, or to fat deposition for use as a potential postnatal energy reserve? We hypothesised that resolving this dilemma operates at the level of umbilical blood distribution entering the fetal liver. In 381 uncomplicated pregnancies in third trimester, we measured blood flow perfusing the fetal liver, or bypassing it via the ductus venosus to supply the brain and heart using ultrasound techniques. Across the range of fetal growth and independent of the mother's adiposity and parity, greater liver blood flow was associated with greater offspring fat mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, both in the infant at birth (r = 0.43, P<0.001) and at age 4 years (r = 0.16, P = 0.02). In contrast, smaller placentas less able to meet fetal demand for essential nutrients were associated with a brain-sparing flow pattern (r = 0.17, p = 0.02). This flow pattern was also associated with a higher degree of shunting through ductus venosus (P = 0.04). We propose that humans evolved a developmental strategy to prioritize nutrient allocation for prenatal fat deposition when the supply of conditionally essential nutrients requiring hepatic inter-conversion is limited, switching resource allocation to favour the brain if the supply of essential nutrients is limited. Facilitated placental transfer mechanisms for glucose and other nutrients evolved in environments less affluent than those now prevalent in developed populations, and we propose that in circumstances of maternal adiposity and nutrient excess these mechanisms now also lead to prenatal fat deposition. Prenatal developmental influences play important roles in the human propensity to deposit fat.
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影响因子：
3.6
作者：
Kessler, Jorg;Rasmussen, Svein;Kiserud, Torvid
通讯作者：
Kiserud, Torvid
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Kiserud, T;Hellevik, LR;Hanson, NA
通讯作者：
Hanson, NA
影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Lillycrop, KA;Phillips, ES;Burdge, GC
通讯作者：
Burdge, GC
DOI：
10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.4.g899
发表时间：
1997-10-01
影响因子：
4.5
作者：
Desai, M;Byrne, CD;Hales, CN
通讯作者：
Hales, CN
影响因子：
7.1
作者：
Kiserud, T.;Kessler, J.;Rasmussen, S.
通讯作者：
Rasmussen, S.