Molecular Bureaucracy: Toxicological Information and Environmental Protection
Molecular Bureaucracy: Toxicological Information and Environmental Protection
复制标题
分子官僚机构：毒理学信息与环境保护
DOI：
10.1093/envhis/emy134
复制
发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
Evan Hepler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Evan Hepler
关于环境化学品的法律的和政治主张通常是在分子的基础上处理这些物质。这篇文章认为，这种方法并不仅仅是由化学品的性质决定的。相反，它是法律的结构、行政程序、监管清单、信息系统和命名惯例的产物，我将其统称为“分子官僚主义”。本文追溯了分子官僚主义的发展，一个基于美国监管基础设施的全球环境治理框架，及其政治和环境后果。它是通过跟踪全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质的历史来做到这一点的，自1950年代以来，全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质是广泛使用的合成化学品，自1990年代后期以来，其毒性已成为研究和公众关注的一个突出主题。分子官僚主义起源于一个基于分子身份的分类系统，该系统的发展是为了使化学信息能够被19世纪后期的合成化学品工业所获取。它通过以下方式来构建环境法律和政治：首先，20世纪60年代美国政策制定者通过基于计算机的信息协调将有毒危害置于政府控制之下，其次，新生的美国环境保护局和有毒物质控制法案中的化学整体主义愿景，它试图通过聚集各种有毒危害并将其重新定义为抽象的化学物质，使全球环境适应合理的管理。分子官僚主义的历史提供了宝贵的见解，为当今努力接地有毒物质的学术和政治在替代概念的环境化学品。
Legal and political claims about environmental chemicals typically address such substances on a molecule-by-molecule basis. This article argues that this approach is not determined solely by the nature of chemicals. Rather, it is the product of legal structures, administrative procedures, regulatory lists, information systems, and nomenclature conventions, which I collectively term “molecular bureaucracy.” This article traces the development of molecular bureaucracy, a global framework of environmental governance grounded in American regulatory infrastructure, and its political and environmental consequences. It does so by following the history of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, synthetic chemicals in widespread use since the 1950s whose toxicity has become a prominent subject of research and public concern since the late 1990s. Molecular bureaucracy originated in a classification system based on molecular identity developed to make chemical information accessible to the late nineteenth-century synthetic chemicals industry. It came to structure environmental law and politics through, first, the efforts of 1960s US policy-makers to render toxic hazards subject to government control through computer-based information coordination and, second, a vision of chemical holism within the nascent US Environmental Protection Agency and the Toxic Substances Control Act, which sought to accommodate the global environment to rational administration by aggregating diverse toxic hazards and reframing them as abstract chemical substances. The history of molecular bureaucracy offers valuable insights for present-day efforts to ground toxic substances scholarship and politics in alternative conceptions of environmental chemicals.
影响因子：
3
作者：
Richter, Lauren;Cordner, Alissa;Brown, Phil
通讯作者：
Brown, Phil