The roles and values of wild foods in agricultural systems.

The roles and values of wild foods in agricultural systems.
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DOI:
10.1098/rstb.2010.0123
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发表时间:
2010-09-27
期刊:
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Pretty J
Pretty J
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Bharucha Z;Pretty J

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几乎每一个生态系统都被修改,以便植物和动物可以被用作食物、纤维、饲料、药物、陷阱和武器。从历史上看,野生动植物是狩猎采集者和采集者文化的唯一饮食组成部分。今天,它们仍然是许多农业社区的关键。在亚洲和非洲的22个国家(36项研究),农业和觅食社区平均使用野生食物的数量为每个地点90 - 100种。国家估计总数可达300 - 800种(如印度、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚)。工业化国家和发展中国家土著社区平均每个社区使用野生物种120种。这些野生食物中有许多是积极管理的,这表明农业和野生的想法存在错误的二分法:狩猎采集者和觅食者耕种和管理他们的环境,而耕种者使用许多野生植物和动物。然而,这些食物来源的供应和获取可能正在减少,因为自然栖息地受到开发、保护排除和农业扩张的越来越大的压力。尽管野生食物具有价值,但它们被排除在关于自然资源经济价值的官方统计之外。显然,野生动植物继续构成全球食物篮子的重要部分,虽然各种社会和生态驱动因素正在采取行动减少野生食物的使用,但随着农业生产力压力的增加,它们的重要性可能会增加。
Almost every ecosystem has been amended so that plants and animals can be used as food, fibre, fodder, medicines, traps and weapons. Historically, wild plants and animals were sole dietary components for hunter–gatherer and forager cultures. Today, they remain key to many agricultural communities. The mean use of wild foods by agricultural and forager communities in 22 countries of Asia and Africa (36 studies) is 90–100 species per location. Aggregate country estimates can reach 300–800 species (e.g. India, Ethiopia, Kenya). The mean use of wild species is 120 per community for indigenous communities in both industrialized and developing countries. Many of these wild foods are actively managed, suggesting there is a false dichotomy around ideas of the agricultural and the wild: hunter–gatherers and foragers farm and manage their environments, and cultivators use many wild plants and animals. Yet, provision of and access to these sources of food may be declining as natural habitats come under increasing pressure from development, conservation-exclusions and agricultural expansion. Despite their value, wild foods are excluded from official statistics on economic values of natural resources. It is clear that wild plants and animals continue to form a significant proportion of the global food basket, and while a variety of social and ecological drivers are acting to reduce wild food use, their importance may be set to grow as pressures on agricultural productivity increase.
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