49 4 Governance and Management of Ecosystem Services in Semi-Enclosed Marine Systems

Th e global ocean faces increasing pressures as human populations grow and demand for marine resources expands. In semi-enclosed marine systems (SEMSs), stressors from human activities are concentrated and numerous pressures overlap in space and time, with complex, interacting eff ects on coastal and marine ecosystems, and feedbacks into the social realm. Chapter 2 provides greater detail of the stresses that impact SEMSs, and in this chapter we focus primarily on how these stresses aff ect the ability of humans to govern SEMSs eff ectively. Within the last decade there has been signifi cant recognition of the role that ecosystem services play in providing key benefi ts to human society (Daily 1997; Snelgrove et al. 1997; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005; Duff y and Stachowicz 2006). Th e importance of ecosystem services of SEMSs, their regional diff erences, and long-term changes have been reviewed by Lotze and Glaser (Chapter 12, this volume). Moreover, recent experimental work has established the linkages between biodiversity and ecosystem services (Lohrer et al. 2004; Waldbusser et al. 2004). Considered in tandem with global biodiversity losses (Worm et al. 2006), the challenges faced in maintaining ecosystem services in SEMSs are considerable.

随着人口增长以及对海洋资源的需求扩大，全球海洋面临着越来越大的压力。在半封闭海洋系统（SEMSs）中，人类活动产生的压力源较为集中，众多压力在时空上相互重叠，对沿海和海洋生态系统产生复杂的交互影响，并反馈到社会领域。第2章更详细地阐述了影响半封闭海洋系统的压力，在本章中，我们主要关注这些压力如何影响人类有效治理半封闭海洋系统的能力。在过去十年中，人们已经充分认识到生态系统服务在为人类社会提供关键益处方面所起的作用（Daily，1997；Snelgrove等人，1997；千年生态系统评估，2005；Duffy和Stachowicz，2006）。Lotze和Glaser（本书第12章）综述了半封闭海洋系统生态系统服务的重要性、区域差异以及长期变化。此外，近期的实验工作已经确定了生物多样性与生态系统服务之间的联系（Lohrer等人，2004；Waldbusser等人，2004）。考虑到全球生物多样性的丧失（Worm等人，2006），在半封闭海洋系统中维持生态系统服务所面临的挑战是相当大的。