An Assessment of Inter-Observer Agreement in Water Source Classification and Sanitary Risk Observations.
An Assessment of Inter-Observer Agreement in Water Source Classification and Sanitary Risk Observations.
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DOI：
10.1007/s12403-019-00339-3
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Wright JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Okotto-Okotto J;Wanza P;Kwoba E;Yu W;Dzodzomenyo M;Thumbi SM;da Silva DG;Wright JA
卫生风险检查是一种用于查明水源周围污染危害的观察规程，在管理农村供水安全方面得到推广。然而，目前还不清楚不同的观察员在多大程度上一致地识别污染危害，并一致地使用标准类型学对水源类型进行分类。本研究的目的是量化的观察员之间的协议，在农村水源的危险识别和分类。6名观察员分别在雨季和旱季访问了肯尼亚锡亚亚县的146个生活水源。每个观察员独立地对源类型进行分类，并使用标准协议进行卫生风险检查。由一位经验丰富的观察员分配的水源类型与他的同事的水源类型交叉制表，确定污染危害，并计算观察员之间的协议措施。最有经验的观察员与他的同事观察到的危险之间的协议是显着的，但低（类内相关性= 0.49），与经验不足的观察员检测较少的危险。观察员之间的协议在分类水源是强（科恩的kappa = 0.84）。然而，一些水源类型经常被错误分类，例如为科普水不安全而改造的水源（例如，既利用管道又利用雨水的水箱）。因此，培训和经验有限的观察员很难使用现有协议一致地识别危险，这表明观察协议需要修订，其实施应得到全面培训的支持。调查结果还表明，实地调查小组很难根据标准的水源分类来区分某些水源类型，特别是适应于科普水不安全的水源。这些调查结果表明，国际社会通过家庭调查监测和分析安全用水情况存在不确定性。本文的在线版本（10.1007/s12403-019-00339-3）包含补充材料，可供授权用户使用。
Sanitary risk inspection, an observation protocol for identifying contamination hazards around water sources, is promoted for managing rural water supply safety. However, it is unclear how far different observers consistently identify contamination hazards and consistently classify water source types using standard typologies. This study aimed to quantify inter-observer agreement in hazard identification and classification of rural water sources. Six observers separately visited 146 domestic water sources in Siaya County, Kenya, in wet and dry seasons. Each observer independently classified the source type and conducted a sanitary risk inspection using a standard protocol. Water source types assigned by an experienced observer were cross-tabulated against those of his colleagues, as were contamination hazards identified, and inter-observer agreement measures calculated. Agreement between hazards observed by the most experienced observer versus his colleagues was significant but low (intra-class correlation = 0.49), with inexperienced observers detecting fewer hazards. Inter-observer agreement in classifying water sources was strong (Cohen’s kappa = 0.84). However, some source types were frequently misclassified, such as sources adapted to cope with water insecurity (e.g. tanks drawing on both piped and rainwater). Observers with limited training and experience thus struggle to consistently identify hazards using existing protocols, suggesting observation protocols require revision and their implementation should be supported by comprehensive training. Findings also indicate that field survey teams struggle to differentiate some water source types based on a standard water source classification, particularly sources adapted to cope with water insecurity. These findings demonstrate uncertainties underpinning international monitoring and analyses of safe water access via household surveys. The online version of this article (10.1007/s12403-019-00339-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Parker, A. H.;Youlten, R.;Webster, J.
通讯作者：
Webster, J.
DOI：
10.1002/ajhb.22796
发表时间：
2016-05
期刊：
American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council
影响因子：
--
作者：
Li F;Wilkens LR;Novotny R;Fialkowski MK;Paulino YC;Nelson R;Bersamin A;Martin U;Deenik J;Boushey CJ
通讯作者：
Boushey CJ
影响因子：
168.9
作者：
Kotloff, Karen L.;Nataro, James P.;Levine, Myron M.
通讯作者：
Levine, Myron M.
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Laar, Matilda E.;Marquis, Grace S.;Gray-Donald, Katherine
通讯作者：
Gray-Donald, Katherine
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Kumpel, Emily;Peletz, Rachel;Khush, Ranjiv
通讯作者：
Khush, Ranjiv