Snow as a driving factor of rock surface temperatures in steep rough rock walls

Snow as a driving factor of rock surface temperatures in steep rough rock walls
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雪是陡峭粗糙岩壁岩石表面温度的驱动因素

DOI:
10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.06.013
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发表时间:
2015
影响因子:
4.1
通讯作者:
Kenner
Kenner
中科院分区:
工程技术3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Haberkorn;Hoelzle;Phillips;Kenner

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观察表明,相当数量的雪可以积聚在陡峭、粗糙的岩壁上。非均匀分布的积雪显著影响地表能量平衡,从而影响岩壁的热态。为了评估陡峭南北岩壁的雪深和岩石温度的小尺度变化,在瑞士Gemsstock采用了一种空间分布的多方法方法,结合35次连续近地表岩石温度测量、地面激光扫描的高分辨率雪深观测以及现场雪坑调查。岩石表面的热状态高度依赖于短波和长波辐射、反照率、表面粗糙度、积雪深度以及积雪在时间和空间上的分布。由于像壁架这样的微地形结构,大约2米厚的雪可以堆积在角度高达75°的斜坡上。因此,北坡和南坡的年平均岩石表面温度的差异小于4°C。然而,由于积雪分布的变化,在岩壁上方几米的范围内,平均每日岩石表面温度的显著小尺度变化高达10°C,揭示了非常局部尺度上热状态的异质性和复杂性。此外,多元线性回归可以解释高达77%的近地表岩石温度变化,这强调了辐射和雪深以及地形的重要性。在岩石表面,地面的保温开始于积雪深度超过0.2 m。这是由于较不密集的积雪覆盖的高热阻,特别是在北坡。此外,在岩壁中还观察到由坡向引起的积雪特征和热导率的差异。
Observations show that considerable amounts of snow can accumulate in steep, rough rock walls. The heterogeneously distributed snow cover significantly affects the surface energy balance and hence the thermal regime of the rock walls.To assess the small-scale variability of snow depth and rock temperatures in steep north and south facing rock walls, a spatially distributed multi-method approach is applied at Gemsstock, Switzerland, combining 35 continuous near-surface rock temperature measurements, high resolution snow depth observations using terrestrial laser scanning, as well as in-situ snow pit investigations.The thermal regime of the rock surface is highly dependent on short- and longwave radiation, albedo, surface roughness, snow depth and on snow distribution in time and space. Around 2 m of snow can accumulate on slopes with angles up to 75°, due to micro-topographic structures like ledges. Hence, contrasts in mean annual rock surface temperature between the north and the south facing slopes are less than 4 °C. However, significant small-scale variability of up to 10 °C in mean daily rock surface temperature occurs within a few metres over the rock walls due to the variable snow distribution, revealing the heterogeneity and complexity of the thermal regime at a very local scale. In addition, multiple linear regression could explain up to 77% of near‐surface rock temperature variability, which underlines the importance of radiation and snow depth and thus also of the topography.In the rock faces the thermal insulation of the ground starts with snow depths exceeding 0.2 m. This is due to the high thermal resistance of a less densely packed snow cover, especially in the north facing slope. Additionally, aspect induced differences of snow cover characteristics and consequently thermal conductivities are observed in the rock walls.
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