Impact of partial fuel switch on household air pollutants in sub-Sahara Africa.
Impact of partial fuel switch on household air pollutants in sub-Sahara Africa.
复制标题
部分燃料转换对撒哈拉以南非洲家庭空气污染物的影响。
DOI：
10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.118
复制
发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
Jo U. Smith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
V. Tumwesige;G. Okello;S. Semple;Jo U. Smith
撒哈拉以南非洲有7亿多人依赖固体生物质燃料，在通风不良的厨房使用简单的炉灶，导致室内空气污染物浓度很高。从生物质转换为沼气作为烹饪燃料可以减少细颗粒物（PM2.5）和一氧化碳（CO）的空气排放，但家庭往往只是部分转换为沼气，继续使用固体生物质燃料来满足日常烹饪需求。很少有证据表明部分改用沼气的好处。这项研究监测了喀麦隆和乌干达35户使用沼气和木柴（或木炭）的家庭的实时PM2.5和CO浓度。在使用以下材料的家庭中，24小时平均PM2.5浓度分别为449 μg m−3、173 μg m− 3和18 μg m− 3：（1）木柴和木炭;（2）木柴（平均54%烹饪时间）和沼气（平均46%烹饪时间）;以及（3）仅沼气。相应的24小时平均CO浓度分别为14.2 ppm、2.7 ppm和0.5 ppm。当使用木柴和木炭时，PM2.5和CO的浓度都很高，超过了世界卫生组织的指导方针。部分转换为沼气减少CO暴露低于世界卫生组织的指导方针，但PM2.5浓度仅低于24小时的建议限值时，家庭完全转换为沼气燃料。这些结果表明，从固体燃料部分转换为沼气是不够的，并继续产生家庭空气污染的浓度，可能损害那些暴露的健康。引进沼气的方案应旨在确保利用沼气充分满足家庭能源需求，而不需要继续使用固体燃料。
Over 700 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa depend on solid biomass fuel and use simple cookstoves in poorly ventilated kitchens, which results in high indoor concentrations of household air pollutants. Switching from biomass to biogas as a cooking fuel can reduce airborne emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), but households often only partially convert to biogas, continuing to use solid biomass fuels for part of their daily cooking needs. There is little evidence of the benefits of partial switching to biogas. This study monitored real-time PM2.5and CO concentrations in 35 households in Cameroon and Uganda where biogas and firewood (or charcoal) were used. The 24 h mean PM2.5concentrations in households that used: (1) firewood and charcoal; (2) both firewood (mean 54% cooking time) and biogas (mean 46% cooking time); and (3) only biogas, were 449 μg m−3, 173 μg m−3and 18 μg m−3respectively. The corresponding 24 h mean CO concentrations were 14.2 ppm, 2.7 ppm and 0.5 ppm. Concentrations of both PM2.5and CO were high and exceeded the World Health Organisation guidelines when firewood and charcoal were used. Partially switching to biogas reduced CO exposure to below the World Health Organisation guidelines, but PM2.5concentrations were only below the 24 h recommended limits when households fully converted to biogas fuel. These results indicate that partial switching from solid fuels to biogas is not sufficient and continues to produce concentrations of household air pollution that are likely to harm the health of those exposed. Programmes introducing biogas should aim to ensure that household energy needs can be fully achieved using biogas with no requirement to continue using solid fuels.
影响因子：
--
作者：
Northcross, Amanda;Chowdhury, Zohir;Smith, Kirk R.
通讯作者：
Smith, Kirk R.