Cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS: regulation, function, and human diseases.

Cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS: regulation, function, and human diseases.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41392-021-00554-y
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发表时间:
2021-04-30
影响因子:
39.3
通讯作者:
Liu P
Liu P
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Yu L;Liu P

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感知侵入性细胞质DNA是先天免疫的一个组成部分。cGAS于2013年被鉴定为主要的细胞质DNA传感器,它结合dsDNA催化合成一种特殊的不对称环二核苷酸2 ' 3 ' -cGAMP,作为结合和激活STING的次级信使,随后产生I型干扰素和其他免疫调节基因。cGAS信号的过度激活有助于自身免疫性疾病,但可作为抗癌免疫治疗的辅助手段。另一方面,cGAS信号的失活导致对病毒和细菌感染的感知和清除能力不足,形成肿瘤易发的免疫微环境,有利于肿瘤逃避免疫监视。因此,cGAS的激活受到严格控制。在这篇综述中,我们总结了最新的多层调控cGAS激活的机制,包括cGAS翻译前和翻译后调控,cGAS结合蛋白,以及其他的cGAS调节剂,如离子和小分子。我们还将揭示cGAS及其产物cGAMP在人类疾病中的病理生理功能。我们希望对cGAS生物学和cGAS靶向治疗人类疾病的最新研究进展进行综述。
Sensing invasive cytosolic DNA is an integral component of innate immunity. cGAS was identified in 2013 as the major cytosolic DNA sensor that binds dsDNA to catalyze the synthesis of a special asymmetric cyclic-dinucleotide, 2′3′-cGAMP, as the secondary messenger to bind and activate STING for subsequent production of type I interferons and other immune-modulatory genes. Hyperactivation of cGAS signaling contributes to autoimmune diseases but serves as an adjuvant for anticancer immune therapy. On the other hand, inactivation of cGAS signaling causes deficiency to sense and clear the viral and bacterial infection and creates a tumor-prone immune microenvironment to facilitate tumor evasion of immune surveillance. Thus, cGAS activation is tightly controlled. In this review, we summarize up-to-date multilayers of regulatory mechanisms governing cGAS activation, including cGAS pre- and post-translational regulations, cGAS-binding proteins, and additional cGAS regulators such as ions and small molecules. We will also reveal the pathophysiological function of cGAS and its product cGAMP in human diseases. We hope to provide an up-to-date review for recent research advances of cGAS biology and cGAS-targeted therapies for human diseases.
染色体不稳定性通过胞质DNA反应驱动转移。
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