The red island and the seven dwarfs: body size reduction in Cheirogaleidae

The red island and the seven dwarfs: body size reduction in Cheirogaleidae
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红岛和七个小矮人:Cheirogaleidae的体型缩小

DOI:
10.1111/jbi.12327
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发表时间:
2014
影响因子:
3.9
通讯作者:
Masters J
Masters J
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Masters J

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马达加斯加的侏儒狐猴和鼠狐猴(狐猴科)体型小,通常被认为是原始的。我们从系统发育、个体发育和适应的角度研究了狐猴科及其姊妹分类单元Lepilemuridae的体型进化。方法采用系统发育方法重建狐猴体型进化,并建立了狐猴科和Lepilemuridae的妊娠期异速回归模型以及静态和生长异速回归模型,以验证侏儒化是个体发育(后代)截断的结果。我们还研究了与环境变异性、生活史、繁殖季节性、低温(使用冬眠)和富含植物分泌物的饮食有关的适应性假设。结果本研究结果表明,头盖骨类动物通过后代至少经历了四次独立的体型减小事件,其祖先的体型与现存的头盖骨类动物一样大。矮化类群的童形外形和平行的个体发生轨迹,以及它们极短的妊娠期和较高的繁殖力,都支持了我们的解释。生活在更可预测环境中的Lepilemurspecies比生活在不可预测栖息地的Lepilemurspecies要大得多。主要结论:雪蝇科是幼体侏儒,可能是对高度不可预测性环境的一种适应。虽然利用低温的能力与体型小有关,但这种优势不太可能导致类目动物变矮。我们认为,在这个进化支系中,粘胶/渗出性与体型减小共同进化,可能来自于一个食叶祖先。它们的小体型是推导出来的,因此它们作为“祖先灵长类动物”模型的适用性值得怀疑。
AimSmall body size in Madagascar's dwarf and mouse lemurs (Cheirogaleidae) is generally viewed as primitive. We investigated the evolution of body size in this family and in its sister‐taxon, the Lepilemuridae, from phylogenetic, ontogenetic and adaptive perspectives.LocationMadagascar.MethodsWe used a phylogenetic method to reconstruct the evolution of body size in lemurs, and allometric regression models of gestation periods and static and growth allometries in Cheirogaleidae and Lepilemuridae to test the hypothesis that dwarfing occurred as a result of truncated ontogeny (progenesis). We also examined adaptive hypotheses relating body size to environmental variability, life history, seasonality of reproduction, hypothermy (use of torpor), and a diet rich in plant exudates.ResultsOur results indicated that cheirogaleids experienced at least four independent events of body size reduction from an ancestor as large as living Lepilemuridae, by means of progenesis. Our interpretation is supported by the paedomorphic appearance and parallel ontogenetic trajectories of the dwarf taxa, as well as their very short gestation periods and increased fecundity.Lepilemurspecies that occupy more predictable environments are significantly larger than those occupying unpredictable habitats.Main conclusionsCheirogaleidae appear to be paedomorphic dwarfs, a consequence of progenesis, probably as an adaptation to high environmental unpredictability. Although the capacity to use hypothermy is related to small body size, this advantage is unlikely to have driven dwarfing in cheirogaleids. We propose that gummmivory/exudativory co‐evolved with body size reduction in this clade, probably from a folivorous ancestor. Their small size is derived, and their suitability as models for the ‘ancestral primate’ is therefore dubious.
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