Review of Environmental, Economic and Policy Aspects of Biofuels
Review of Environmental, Economic and Policy Aspects of Biofuels
复制标题
生物燃料的环境、经济和政策方面的审查
DOI：
10.1596/1813-9450-4341
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发表时间：
2007
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Zilberman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Rajagopal;D. Zilberman
世界正在见证生物燃料产量的突然增长，特别是那些适合替代石油的生物燃料，如乙醇和生物柴油。本文综合了环境、经济和政策文献对这些类型生物燃料可能产生的影响的预测。另一个动机是找出理解上的差距并推荐未来的工作领域。分析得出三个关键结论。首先，当前一代生物燃料源自粮食作物，需要大量土地、水、能源和化学品投入。其次，环境文献主要讨论净碳抵消和净能源增益，而与人类健康、土壤质量、生物多样性、水资源枯竭等影响相关的指标却很少受到关注。第三，有大量经济和政策文献从微观和宏观角度分析生物燃料的各种影响，但仍存在一些差距。一系列令人眼花缭乱的政策——包括能源、交通、农业、贸易和环境政策——正在影响生物燃料的发展。但政策和补贴水平并未反映对福利或环境的边际影响。总之，并非所有生物燃料都是一样的。它们在生产中表现出相当大的空间和时间异质性。生物燃料的影响也将是多种多样的，会产生赢家和输家。该论文的研究结果表明生物质在发展中国家农村地区发挥的作用的重要性。此外，使用生物质生产汽车燃料会影响能源和饲料的获取，而不仅仅是食物的获取。
The world is witnessing a sudden growth in production of biofuels, especially those suited for replacing oil like ethanol and biodiesel. This paper synthesizes what the environmental, economic, and policy literature predicts about the possible effects of these types of biofuels. Another motivation is to identify gaps in understanding and recommend areas for future work. The analysis finds three key conclusions. First, the current generation of biofuels, which is derived from food crops, is intensive in land, water, energy, and chemical inputs. Second, the environmental literature is dominated by a discussion of net carbon offset and net energy gain, while indicators relating to impact on human health, soil quality, biodiversity, water depletion, etc., have received much less attention. Third, there is a fast expanding economic and policy literature that analyzes the various effects of biofuels from both micro and macro perspectives, but there are several gaps. A bewildering array of policies - including energy, transportation, agricultural, trade, and environmental policies - is influencing the evolution of biofuels. But the policies and the level of subsidies do not reflect the marginal impact on welfare or the environment. In summary, all biofuels are not created equal. They exhibit considerable spatial and temporal heterogeneity in production. The impact of biofuels will also be heterogeneous, creating winners and losers. The findings of the paper suggest the importance of the role biomass plays in rural areas of developing countries. Furthermore, the use of biomass for producing fuel for cars can affect access to energy and fodder and not just access to food.
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1999
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
P. Hawken;A. Lovins;L. Lovins
通讯作者：
P. Hawken;A. Lovins;L. Lovins