Professional Writing Expertise.
Professional Writing Expertise.
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专业写作知识。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. T. Kellogg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. T. Kellogg
关键词：计划、翻译、复习、刻意练习、十年法则、心流状态、工作记忆、长期工作记忆、领域知识、语言能力、具体语言、策略、仪式、工作环境、工作日程。为出版物撰写扩展文本是一项重大的认知挑战，即使对于以写作为生的专业人士也是如此。严肃的写作既是一项思考任务，也是一项语言任务和一项记忆任务。一个专业的作家可以在头脑中掌握多种表达方式，同时熟练地处理计划想法、生成句子和审查过程进行得如何等基本过程。本章将以如何定义专业写作概念的问题开始，并解释写作过程对认知资源的要求。然后列举和探讨了专业水平作家的特征和写作技能。在最后一部分，将讨论写作技能的获得，并与其他专业知识进行比较和对比。还有很多东西需要学习，但从最先进的研究文献中得到的教训可以帮助有抱负的专业作家。定义专业写作定义写作中的专业知识是困难的，因为任务结构不合理（Simon, 1973），因为专业人士生成的文本类型是如此多样化。国际象棋专家成功地将死对手，并且游戏中允许的走法都有明确的定义。
Keywords: planning, translating, reviewing, deliberate practice, ten-year rule, flow states, working memory, long-term working memory, domain-specific knowledge, verbal ability, concrete language, strategies, rituals, work environment, work schedule. Introduction Writing extended texts for publication is a major cognitive challenge, even for professionals who compose for a living. Serious writing is at once a thinking task, a language task, and a memory task. A professional writer can hold multiple representations in mind while adeptly juggling the basic processes of planning ideas, generating sentences, and reviewing how well the process is going. This chapter will open with the question of how to define the concept of professional writing and an explanation of the demands that writing processes make on cognitive resources. The characteristics of professional-level writers and writing expertise are then enumerated and explored. In the final section, the acquisition of writing skill will be discussed, with comparisons and contrasts to other kinds of expertise highlighted. Much remains to be learned, but the lessons from the state-of-the-art research literature can be helpful to aspiring professional writers. Defining Professional Writing Defining expertise in writing is difficult because the task is ill structured (Simon, 1973) and because the types of texts generated by professionals are so varied. An expert in chess successfully checkmates the opponent, and the allowable moves in the game are defined clearly.
通过最少的反馈改善书面沟通。
DOI：
10.1080/01690969208409378
发表时间：
1992
期刊：
Language and cognitive processes
影响因子：
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作者：
Traxler,MatthewJ;Gernsbacher,MortonAnn
通讯作者：
Gernsbacher,MortonAnn