Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli Increase Frontal Cortical and Hippocampal Acetylcholine Release: Effects of Novelty, Habituation, and Fear
Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli Increase Frontal Cortical and Hippocampal Acetylcholine Release: Effects of Novelty, Habituation, and Fear
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条件和非条件刺激增加额叶皮质和海马乙酰胆碱的释放：新奇、习惯和恐惧的影响
DOI：
10.1523/jneurosci.16-09-03089.1996
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
H. Fibiger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Acquas;C. Wilson;H. Fibiger
最近的证据表明，投射到额叶皮质和海马区的基底前脑胆碱能神经元被行为显著刺激激活，这表明这些神经元参与了觉醒和/或注意过程。在目前的实验中，我们试图通过检查正常情况下增加皮质和海马乙酰胆碱(ACh)释放的非条件性刺激(音调和闪光)是否在习惯性(即重复呈现，没有程序化后果)后无法做到这一点来检验这一假说。此外，还研究了这些刺激的呈现在多大程度上会继续增加ACh的释放，而这些刺激以前是与厌恶的刺激配对的。使用了三个实验组：习惯化、新奇刺激和条件性恐惧。每组受试者都被安排在训练器中进行12次200分钟的训练。习惯化组在训练期间接受了广泛的音调和光线暴露，而新刺激组的受试者被放置在器械中，但在这些训练过程中从未接触过音调或光线。条件性恐惧组的处理与习惯化组相同，但增加了音调和光线与脚部电击的配对。在完成这些训练计划后，所有动物都被植入了额叶皮质和海马区的微透析探头。两天后，他们被放置在仪器中，在微透析过程中向所有受试者呈现色调和光线。在新刺激组，强光(非条件刺激)可显著增加额叶皮质和海马区ACh的释放。同样，在条件性恐惧组，呈现音调和光线(条件性刺激)也显著增加了额叶皮质和海马区ACh的释放。相比之下，在习惯化组中，音调和光线未能显著促进这两种结构中ACh的释放。在测试过程中，音调和光线在新奇刺激和条件性恐惧组中引发了各种与唤醒和恐惧相关的行为。相比之下，习惯组的受试者通常对这些刺激没有反应。这些数据表明，大脑皮质和海马区投射的基底前脑胆碱能神经元被产生唤醒的条件性和非条件性刺激(新奇或条件性恐惧)所激活。相反，将这些刺激呈现给习惯性的动物并不能促进ACh的释放。这些发现与越来越多的信息相一致，这些信息表明，行为相关的刺激可靠地激活了大脑皮层和海马区的ACh释放。它们还为基底前脑胆碱能神经元参与觉醒和/或注意过程的假说提供了强有力的支持。
Recent evidence showing that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons with projections to the frontal cortex and hippocampus are activated by behaviorally salient stimuli suggests that these neurons are involved in arousal and/or attentional processes. We sought in the present experiments to test this hypothesis by examining whether unconditioned stimuli (a tone and flashing light) that normally increase cortical and hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) release would fail to do so after habituation (i.e., repeated presentation with no programmed consequences). In addition, the extent to which presentation of these stimuli would continue to increase ACh release when they had previously been paired with an aversive stimulus was investigated. Three experimental groups were used: habituation, novel stimuli, and conditioned fear. Subjects in each of these groups were placed in a training apparatus for twelve 200 min sessions. While the habituation group received extensive exposure to the tone and light during the training sessions, subjects in the novel stimuli group were placed in the apparatus but were never exposed to the tone or light during these sessions. The conditioned fear group was treated identically to the habituation group, with the addition that the tone and light were paired with footshock. On completion of these training schedules, all animals were implanted with microdialysis probes in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Two days later, they were placed in the apparatus and the tone and light were presented to all subjects during microdialysis. In the novel stimuli group, the tone and light (unconditioned stimuli) produced significant increases in frontal cortical and hippocampal ACh release. Similarly, in the conditioned fear group, presentation of the tone and light (conditioned stimuli) also significantly increased ACh release in frontal cortex and hippocampus. In contrast, in the habituation group the tone and light failed to significantly enhance ACh release in either structure. During the test session, the tone and light elicited a variety of arousal- and fear-related behaviors in the novel stimuli and conditioned fear groups. In contrast, subjects in the habituation group generally failed to respond to these stimuli. These data indicate that cortically and hippocampally projecting basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are activated by conditioned and unconditioned stimuli that produce arousal in rats (novelty or conditioned fear). In contrast, presentation of these stimuli to habituated animals fails to enhance ACh release. These findings are consistent with a growing body of information indicating that ACh release in the cortex and hippocampus is reliably activated by behaviorally relevant stimuli. They also provide strong support for the hypothesis that cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are involved in arousal and/or attentional processes.
调节期间皮质细胞活动的基础前脑调节。
影响因子：
--
作者：
Pirch,J;Rigdon,G;Rucker,H;Turco,K
通讯作者：
Turco,K
影响因子：
2
作者：
R. Phillips;Joseph E LeDoux
通讯作者：
R. Phillips;Joseph E LeDoux