Can schooling regulate marine populations and ecosystems
Can schooling regulate marine populations and ecosystems
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学校教育能否调节海洋种群和生态系统
DOI：
10.1016/j.pocean.2017.06.003
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
O. Maury
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
O. Maury
鱼群、浅滩和鱼群在海洋中无处不在。它们必须提供非常强大的优势，才能在进化过程中被选择和推广。自动组织的群体通常被认为提供了方便的生殖合作伙伴，提高对捕食的保护，更好的觅食效率，和水动力收益的遭遇。然而，目前的理论关于他们的进化优势并没有提供一个明确的解释，他们的普遍性。特别是，通常提出的解释分组的机制几乎没有为海洋中常见的非常大的群体的形成提供支持（例如Rieucau等人，2014年）。通过文献回顾、数据分析和一个简单的数学模型，证明了大的自组织群体出现在高人口密度下，而只有小群体或分散的个体保持在低人口密度下。接下来，金枪鱼标记数据和简单的理论发展的分析表明，大群体可能会暴露个人的个人觅食成功率急剧下降，同时增加捕食和疾病的死亡率，而小群体避免这些不利的反馈，并提供最大的觅食成功和保护免受捕食，因为它通常是假设。这将对海洋种群产生一种紧急的密度依赖性调节，防止它们在高密度时爆发，并在低密度时保护它们。这将对它们的复原力作出重大贡献，也是生态系统动态的一个关键过程。一个两步的进化过程中，在个人层面上的作用，提出了解释这种显然是自杀行为可以被选择和推广。它解释了分组如何允许极高繁殖力的生活史的出现，尽管它们有破坏种群稳定的臭名昭著的倾向。讨论了“群体反馈“对种群恢复力、生态系统稳定性和海洋生物多样性持久性的潜在影响。强调了使用能够捕获分散个体的渔具（例如延绳钓、刺网、拖网或使用捕鱼聚集装置）捕捞海洋物种的风险。最后，热带金枪鱼被用来证明学校教育在塑造复杂的生活史和物种相互作用方面的潜在重要性。
Schools, shoals and swarms are pervasive in the oceans. They have to provide very strong advantages to have been selected and generalized in the course of evolution. Auto-organized groups are usually assumed to provide facilitated encounters of reproduction partners, improved protection against predation, better foraging efficiency, and hydrodynamic gains. However, present theories regarding their evolutionary advantages do not provide an unambiguous explanation to their universality. In particular, the mechanisms commonly proposed to explain grouping provide little support to the formation of very large groups that are common in the sea (e.g. Rieucau et al., 2014). From literature review, data analysis and using a simple mathematical model, I show that large auto-organized groups appear at high population density while only small groups or dispersed individuals remain at low population density. Following, an analysis of tuna tagging data and simple theoretical developments show that large groups are likely to expose individuals to a dramatic decrease of individual foraging success and simultaneous increase of predatory and disease mortality, while small groups avoid those adverse feedbacks and provide maximum foraging success and protection against predation, as it is usually assumed. This would create an emergent density-dependent regulation of marine populations, preventing them from outbursts at high density, and protecting them at low density. This would be a major contribution to their resilience and a crucial process of ecosystems dynamics. A two-step evolutionary process acting at the individual level is proposed to explain how this apparently suicidal behaviour could have been selected and generalized. It explains how grouping would have permitted the emergence of extremely high fecundity life histories, despite their notorious propensity to destabilize populations. The potential implications of the “groupingfeedback”on population resilience, ecosystem stability and the persistence of marine biodiversity are discussed. The risk of harvesting marine species with fishing gears that enable catching dispersed individuals (such as longline, gillnet, trawl or using fishing aggregative devices for instance) is underlined. Finally, tropical tunas are used to exemplify the potential importance of schooling in shaping complex life histories and species interaction.
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Block, B. A.;Jonsen, I. D.;Costa, D. P.
通讯作者：
Costa, D. P.