The sail-backed reptile Ctenosauriscus from the latest Early Triassic of Germany and the timing and biogeography of the early archosaur radiation.
The sail-backed reptile Ctenosauriscus from the latest Early Triassic of Germany and the timing and biogeography of the early archosaur radiation.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0025693
复制
发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Hornung JJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Butler RJ;Brusatte SL;Reich M;Nesbitt SJ;Schoch RR;Hornung JJ
始祖龙（鸟类、鳄鱼目动物及其已灭绝的近亲，包括恐龙）在晚三叠世以来的中生代大陆生态系统中占主导地位，至今仍是现代生态系统的主要组成部分（约10000种）。中三叠世（约244 Ma）是已知的最早的各种始祖龙动物群组合，表明始祖龙辐射开始于早三叠世（252.3-247.2 Ma）。目前，对这种辐射的理解受到早期化石记录的限制，这些化石记录的骨骼残骸很差。我们重新描述了来自德国北部早三叠世（晚奥莱尼世）索林组的一种帆背爬行动物Ctenosauriscus koeneni （Huene）的模式标本的解剖结构和地层位置，它可能代表了已知最古老的始龙。我们批判性地讨论了先前关于栉龙“帆”的生物力学工作，它是由一系列细长的神经棘形成的。此外，我们还描述了德国西南部瓦尔德豪斯（Waldhaus）最早的中三叠世（早安尼期）Röt地层中类似栉龙的颅后物质。最后，我们回顾了最早的祖龙化石的时空分布及其对理解祖龙辐射动力学的意义。综合的数值系统发育分析表明，栉龙和瓦尔德豪斯分类群都是一种单系统类群的成员，栉龙科，其特征是颈后至尾前椎骨的神经棘大大延长。最早的始祖龙，包括栉龙，出现在奥莱内基纪/阿尼西亚纪界线之前（约248 Ma）的化石记录中，在二叠纪-三叠纪大灭绝之后不到500万年。这些最早的始祖龙组合以十龙类为主，它们广泛分布在泛大陆北部，似乎是始祖龙的第一次全球辐射。
Archosaurs (birds, crocodilians and their extinct relatives including dinosaurs) dominated Mesozoic continental ecosystems from the Late Triassic onwards, and still form a major component of modern ecosystems (>10,000 species). The earliest diverse archosaur faunal assemblages are known from the Middle Triassic (c. 244 Ma), implying that the archosaur radiation began in the Early Triassic (252.3–247.2 Ma). Understanding of this radiation is currently limited by the poor early fossil record of the group in terms of skeletal remains. We redescribe the anatomy and stratigraphic position of the type specimen of Ctenosauriscus koeneni (Huene), a sail-backed reptile from the Early Triassic (late Olenekian) Solling Formation of northern Germany that potentially represents the oldest known archosaur. We critically discuss previous biomechanical work on the ‘sail’ of Ctenosauriscus, which is formed by a series of elongated neural spines. In addition, we describe Ctenosauriscus-like postcranial material from the earliest Middle Triassic (early Anisian) Röt Formation of Waldhaus, southwestern Germany. Finally, we review the spatial and temporal distribution of the earliest archosaur fossils and their implications for understanding the dynamics of the archosaur radiation. Comprehensive numerical phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that both Ctenosauriscus and the Waldhaus taxon are members of a monophyletic grouping of poposauroid archosaurs, Ctenosauriscidae, characterised by greatly elongated neural spines in the posterior cervical to anterior caudal vertebrae. The earliest archosaurs, including Ctenosauriscus, appear in the body fossil record just prior to the Olenekian/Anisian boundary (c. 248 Ma), less than 5 million years after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. These earliest archosaur assemblages are dominated by ctenosauriscids, which were broadly distributed across northern Pangea and which appear to have been the first global radiation of archosaurs.
登录
查看更多内容
DOI：
10.1017/s1755691011020056
发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
1.2
作者：
Brusatte, Stephen L.;Benton, Michael J.;Wang, Steve C.
通讯作者：
Wang, Steve C.
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Carrano, MT
通讯作者：
Carrano, MT
影响因子：
1.2
作者：
Benton, Michael J.
通讯作者：
Benton, Michael J.
影响因子：
1.4
作者：
Brochu, CA
通讯作者：
Brochu, CA
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
ATTRIDGE, J;COX, CB;CHARIG, AJ
通讯作者：
CHARIG, AJ