Are Driving Simulators Effective Tools for Evaluating Novice Drivers' Hazard Anticipation, Speed Management, and Attention Maintenance Skills.
Are Driving Simulators Effective Tools for Evaluating Novice Drivers' Hazard Anticipation, Speed Management, and Attention Maintenance Skills.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.trf.2010.04.001
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发表时间：
2010-09-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Fisher, Donald L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chan, Elsa;Pradhan, Anuj K.;Pollatsek, Alexander;Knodler, Michael A.;Fisher, Donald L.
关键词：
新手司机（拥有独立驾驶执照六个月或更短时间的青少年司机）发生撞车事故的风险很大。对警方事故报告的事后分析表明，新手司机无法预测危险、控制速度和保持注意力。这些技能的定义过于宽泛，对培训没有多大帮助。然而，最近，驾驶模拟器已经被用来识别那些在危险预测和速度管理方面区分新手司机和更有经验的老司机的技能。下面，我们在驾驶模拟器上进行了一项实验，比较了新手和有经验的司机在第三个领域的表现，这些领域被认为是新手司机碰撞的主要原因：对前方道路的关注。结果表明，与经验丰富的司机相比，新手司机更愿意长时间盯着车内看。有趣的是，研究结果还表明，新手和有经验的司机花在车外和车外任务上的时间是相同的。此外，正如已经设计了一个程序来训练新手和有经验的司机的扫描技能一样，人们可能希望设计一个培训程序来提高新手司机的注意力维护技能。我们将报道这一培训项目的初步试点情况。最后，我们解决了一个长期以来在文献中争论的问题：驾驶模拟器的结果是否可以推广到现实世界？我们认为，在危险预测、速度管理和注意力保持的情况下，答案是肯定的。
Novice drivers (teen drivers with their solo license for six months or less) are at a greatly inflated risk of crashing. Post hoc analyses of police accident reports indicate that novice drivers fail to anticipate hazards, manage their speed, and maintain attention. These skills are much too broadly defined to be of much help in training. Recently, however, driving simulators have been used to identify those skills which differentiate the novice drivers from older, more experienced drivers in the areas of hazard anticipation and speed management. Below, we report an experiment on a driving simulator which compares novice and experienced drivers’ performance in the third area believed to contribute especially heavily to crashes among novice drivers: attention to the forward roadway. The results indicate that novice drivers are much more willing to glance for long periods of time inside the vehicle than are experienced drivers. Interestingly, the results also indicate that both novice and experienced drivers spend equal amounts of time glancing at tasks external to the vehicle and in the periphery. Moreover, just as a program has been designed to train the scanning skills that clearly differentiate novice from experienced drivers, one might hope that a training program could be designed to improve the attention maintenance skills of novice drivers. We report on the initial piloting of just such a training program. Finally, we address a question that has long been debated in the literature: Do the results from driving simulators generalize to the real world? We argue that in the case of hazard anticipation, speed management, and attention maintenance the answer is yes.
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