Recent progress on the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway and its regulation by biomolecular condensation.

Recent progress on the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway and its regulation by biomolecular condensation.
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cGAS-STING通路的激活及其生物分子缩合调控研究进展。

DOI:
10.1093/jmcb/mjac042
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发表时间:
2022-11-29
影响因子:
5.5
通讯作者:
--
中科院分区:
生物学1区
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--
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环鸟苷一磷酸(GMP)-腺苷一磷酸(AMP)合成酶(cGAS)-干扰素基因刺激物(STING)途径,包括DNA传感器cGAS、第二信使环GMP-AMP(cGAMP)和内质网(ER)衔接蛋白STING,检测细胞质双链DNA(dsDNA)以触发用于宿主防御病原体的I型干扰素应答。先前的研究定义了通过DNA结合来变构激活cGAS的模型,但最近的工作揭示了调节cGAS激活的其他层机制,例如相凝聚和金属离子,特别是Mn 2+作为cGAS激活剂的发现。2′3′-cGAMP传感器STING的激活需要从ER移位到高尔基体。发现高尔基体上的硫酸化糖胺聚糖是除了2′3′-cGAMP之外促进STING寡聚化和活化的第二个STING配体,而超过水平的2′3′-cGAMP诱导位于ER的STING形成高度组织化的ER膜缩合物,称为STING相分离器,以抑制STING活化。在这里,我们总结了cGAS-STING激活调节的最新进展及其在生理或病理条件中的影响,特别关注调节的新复杂性。
The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)–adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthetase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, comprising the DNA sensor cGAS, the second messenger cyclic GMP–AMP (cGAMP), and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) adaptor protein STING, detects cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to trigger type I-interferon responses for host defense against pathogens. Previous studies defined a model for the allosteric activation of cGAS by DNA-binding, but recent work reveals other layers of mechanisms to regulate cGAS activation such as the phase condensation and metal ions, especially the discovery of Mn2+ as a cGAS activator. Activation of the 2′3′-cGAMP sensor STING requires translocating from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. The sulfated glycosaminoglycans at the Golgi are found to be the second STING ligand promoting STING oligomerization and activation in addition to 2′3′-cGAMP, while surpassed levels of 2′3′-cGAMP induce ER-located STING to form a highly organized ER membranous condensate named STING phase-separator to restrain STING activation. Here, we summarize recent advances in the regulation of cGAS–STING activation and their implications in physiological or pathological conditions, particularly focusing on the emerging complexity of the regulation.
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