Comparative morphology and evolution of the cnidosac in Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia).
Comparative morphology and evolution of the cnidosac in Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia).
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DOI：
10.1186/s12983-018-0289-2
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Wägele H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Goodheart JA;Bleidißel S;Schillo D;Strong EE;Ayres DL;Preisfeld A;Collins AG;Cummings MP;Wägele H
已知许多有壳和无壳腹足类动物使用多种防御机制，包括内部产生或外部获得的生物化学活性化合物和结构。在裸鳃类中，枝鳃类中的裸鳃类动物拥有这样一种特殊的防御能力：能够隔离刺胞动物的包囊--一种可以将毒液注入其他生物组织的小胶囊。这种能力分布在枝鳃类的大约600个物种中，关于刺囊的比较形态学和进化仍然存在许多问题--刺囊是一种容纳隔离刺囊（称为kleptocnides）的结构。在本文中，我们描述了刺囊形态在其中发生的枝鳃类的主要群体，并在系统发育的背景下，以更好地了解刺囊封存的演变，其结构的地方变化。总的来说，我们发现，长度，大小和结构的入口到刺囊的变化超过预期的基础上，以前的工作，一样的结构的出口，周围的刺囊的肌肉组织，和位置和方向的kleptocnides。根据这里使用94个分类群和409个基因提出的进化史，在枝鳃类中至少起源了两次包囊的隔离。刺胞囊与汉雄鸡科中的刺胞囊样结构不同源。此外，在消化腺的远端存在囊可能起源于包囊隔离之前。这项研究提供了一个更完整的图片的变化，和进化，形态特征与枝鳃类中的棘囊隔离。本文的在线版本（10.1186/s12983-018-0289-2）包含补充材料，可供授权用户使用。
A number of shelled and shell-less gastropods are known to use multiple defensive mechanisms, including internally generated or externally obtained biochemically active compounds and structures. Within Nudipleura, nudibranchs within Cladobranchia possess such a special defense: the ability to sequester cnidarian nematocysts – small capsules that can inject venom into the tissues of other organisms. This ability is distributed across roughly 600 species within Cladobranchia, and many questions still remain in regard to the comparative morphology and evolution of the cnidosac – the structure that houses sequestered nematocysts (called kleptocnides). In this paper, we describe cnidosac morphology across the main groups of Cladobranchia in which it occurs, and place variation in its structure in a phylogenetic context to better understand the evolution of nematocyst sequestration. Overall, we find that the length, size and structure of the entrance to the cnidosac varies more than expected based on previous work, as does the structure of the exit, the musculature surrounding the cnidosac, and the position and orientation of the kleptocnides. The sequestration of nematocysts has originated at least twice within Cladobranchia based on the phylogeny presented here using 94 taxa and 409 genes. The cnidosac is not homologous to cnidosac-like structures found in Hancockiidae. Additionally, the presence of a sac at the distal end of the digestive gland may have originated prior to the sequestration of nematocysts. This study provides a more complete picture of variation in, and evolution of, morphological characters associated with nematocyst sequestration in Cladobranchia. The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-018-0289-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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影响因子：
3.7
作者：
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