How lexical is the lexicon? Evidence for integrated auditory memory representations.
How lexical is the lexicon? Evidence for integrated auditory memory representations.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.01.001
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发表时间：
2014-05
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Samuel AG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pufahl A;Samuel AG
以往的研究表明，词汇表征不仅包括语言信息（说了什么词），而且还包括索引信息（如何说，由谁说）。目前的工作表明，即使这种扩展是不够的。看似无关的信息，如无人注意的背景声音，会保留在记忆中，并有助于随后的言语感知。我们向参与者展示了与环境声音配对的口语（例如，电话铃响），并让他们为每个单词做出“有生命/无生命”的决定。如果声音改变或环境声音改变，随后识别过滤后的单词版本的性能也会受到类似程度的损害。此外，当在暴露和测试中使用完全不同的单词时，当我们颠倒单词和环境声音的角色时，我们观察到了相同的结果。这些实验也证明了这些效应的局限性，重复实验没有任何好处。从理论上讲，我们的结果支持两种可能性：1）词汇表征是记忆表征，并不与其他声音的表征隔离开来。索引效应只是反映了一种类型的共现，被纳入这种表示。2)现有的文献中关于索引效应的研究实际上并不涉及词汇表征--声音的变化，就像一个词听到的环境声音一样，会产生与词汇无关的内隐记忆效应。我们讨论的证据和影响，这两个理论的选择。
Previous research has shown that lexical representations must include not only linguistic information (what word was said), but also indexical information (how it was said, and by whom). The present work demonstrates that even this expansion is not sufficient. Seemingly irrelevant information, such as an unattended background sound, is retained in memory and can facilitate subsequent speech perception. We presented participants with spoken words paired with environmental sounds (e.g., a phone ringing), and had them make an “animate/inanimate” decision for each word. Later performance identifying filtered versions of the words was impaired to a similar degree if the voice changed or if the environmental sound changed. Moreover, when quite dissimilar words were used at exposure and test, we observed the same result when we reversed the roles of the words and the environmental sounds. The experiments also demonstrated limits to these effects, with no benefit from repetition. Theoretically, our results support two alternative possibilities: 1) Lexical representations are memory representations, and are not walled off from those for other sounds. Indexical effects reflect simply one type of co-occurrence that is incorporated into such representations. 2) The existing literature on indexical effects does not actually bear on lexical representations – voice changes, like environmental sounds heard with a word, produce implicit memory effects that are not tied to the lexicon. We discuss the evidence and implications of these two theoretical alternatives.
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影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Johnson, Keith
通讯作者：
Johnson, Keith
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Gaskell, MG;Marslen-Wilson, WD
通讯作者：
Marslen-Wilson, WD
影响因子：
8.2
作者：
Gonzalez, Julio;McLennan, Conor T.
通讯作者：
McLennan, Conor T.
DOI：
10.1037/0278-7393.20.3.521
发表时间：
1994-05-01
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
CHURCH, BA;SCHACTER, DL
通讯作者：
SCHACTER, DL
DOI：
10.1002/9780470757024.ch15
发表时间：
2005-01-01
期刊：
HANDBOOK OF SPEECH PERCEPTION
影响因子：
--
作者：
Johnson, Keith
通讯作者：
Johnson, Keith