Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST): what is in a name and what isn't?
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST): what is in a name and what isn't?
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DOI：
10.1002/mrm.22761
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发表时间：
2011-04
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Yadav, Nirbhay N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
van Zijl, Peter C. M.;Yadav, Nirbhay N.
化学交换饱和转移（CEST）成像是一种相对较新的MRI对比方法，其中含有可交换质子或可交换分子的外源性或内源性化合物被选择性饱和，在这种饱和转移后，通过水信号间接检测，灵敏度提高。本文综述的重点是CEST的基本磁共振原理以及与传统磁化转移对比（MTC）的异同。在CEST MRI中，研究了可移动化合物而不是半固体的磁化转移。与MTC类似，CEST也有化学交换和偶极交叉弛豫的贡献，但如果交换快，后者往往可以忽略。与MTC相反，CEST成像需要在MR时间尺度上足够慢的交换，以允许对感兴趣的质子进行选择性照射。因此，磁标记不仅限于射频饱和，而且可以用较慢的频率选择方法进行扩展，例如反转，梯度去相和频率标记。讨论了交换传递成像的基本理论、设计准则和实验问题。提出了一种基于交换类型的CEST代理分类方法。讨论了这一年轻领域的潜力，特别是关于体内应用和翻译到人类。
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging is a relatively new MRI contrast approach in which exogenous or endogenous compounds containing either exchangeable protons or exchangeable molecules are selectively saturated and, after transfer of this saturation, detected indirectly through the water signal with enhanced sensitivity. The focus of this review is on basic MR principles underlying CEST and similarities to and differences with conventional magnetization transfer contrast (MTC). In CEST MRI, transfer of magnetization is studied in mobile compounds instead of semisolids. Similar to MTC, CEST has contributions of both chemical exchange and dipolar cross-relaxation, but the latter can often be neglected if exchange is fast. Contrary to MTC, CEST imaging requires sufficiently slow exchange on the MR time scale to allow selective irradiation of the protons of interest. As a consequence, magnetic labeling is not limited to radio-frequency saturation but can be expanded with slower frequency-selective approaches such as inversion, gradient dephasing and frequency labeling. The basic theory, design criteria, and experimental issues for exchange transfer imaging are discussed. A new classification for CEST agents based on exchange type is proposed. The potential of this young field is discussed, especially with respect to in vivo application and translation to humans.
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