Storms Producing Large Accumulations of Small Hail

Storms Producing Large Accumulations of Small Hail
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风暴产生大量小冰雹

DOI:
10.1175/jamc-d-18-0073.1
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发表时间:
2019
影响因子:
3
通讯作者:
Ward, Aaron M.
Ward, Aaron M.
中科院分区:
地球科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kumjian, Matthew R.;Lebo, Zachary J.;Ward, Aaron M.

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冰雹风暴每年都会产生巨大的社会经济影响,但在预测特定环境支持的冰雹威胁类型以及使用雷达更准确地估计冰雹大小方面仍然存在挑战。一类冰雹威胁是产生大量小冰雹(SPLASH)的风暴。本文分析了这类风暴的环境和偏振雷达特征。选择了13个SPLASH事件,以涵盖广泛的地理区域和时间。快速刷新模式输出用于描述与每种情况相关的中尺度环境。分析显示,一系列环境都可以支持SPLASH的发生,但也有一些共同点,包括大量的可降水量(超过当天的气候学第90百分位值),CAPE <2500 J kg − 1,对流层最低几公里处的风暴相对风速较弱(<10 m s − 1),以及与0 - 6公里切变矢量正交的风暴相对气流分量较弱。大多数风暴都是弱的超级单体,具有独特的S波段雷达特征,包括反射率因子> 60 dBZ的紧凑(<200平方公里)区域,显著的差分衰减,如冰雹核心向下延伸的负差分反射率,以及非常大的特定差分相位KDP。KDP值经常接近或超过业务色标的上限(10.7 ° km − 1);重新处理二级数据显示KDP> 17 ° km − 1,这是S波段降水记录的最高值。电磁散射计算使用T-矩阵方法证实,大量的小融化冰雹混合大雨可以合理地解释所观察到的雷达信号。
Hail-bearing storms produce substantial socioeconomic impacts each year, yet challenges remain in forecasting the type of hail threat supported by a given environment and in using radar to estimate hail sizes more accurately. One class of hail threat is storms producing large accumulations of small hail (SPLASH). This paper presents an analysis of the environments and polarimetric radar characteristics of such storms. Thirteen SPLASH events were selected to encompass a broad range of geographic regions and times of year. Rapid Refresh model output was used to characterize the mesoscale environments associated with each case. This analysis reveals that a range of environments can support SPLASH cases; however, some commonalities included large precipitable water (exceeding that day’s climatological 90th-percentile values), CAPE < 2500 J kg−1, weak storm-relative wind speeds (<10 m s−1) in the lowest few kilometers of the troposphere, and a weak component of the storm-relative flow orthogonal to the 0–6-km shear vector. Most of the storms were weak supercells that featured distinctive S-band radar signatures, including compact (<200 km2) regions of reflectivity factor > 60 dBZ, significant differential attenuation evident as negative differential reflectivity extending downrange of the hail core, and anomalously large specific differential phaseKDP. TheKDPvalues often approached or exceeded the operational color scale’s upper limit (10.7° km−1); reprocessing the level-II data revealedKDP>17° km−1, the highest documented in precipitation at S band. Electromagnetic scattering calculations using the T-matrix method confirm that large quantities of small melting hail mixed with heavy rain can plausibly explain the observed radar signatures.
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发表时间: 2018
期刊: E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology
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发表时间: 1977
影响因子: 5.7
作者:
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DOI: --
发表时间: 2010
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