Vitamin D: a critical and essential micronutrient for human health.
Vitamin D: a critical and essential micronutrient for human health.
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DOI：
10.3389/fphys.2014.00248
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Eggersdorfer M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bendik I;Friedel A;Roos FF;Weber P;Eggersdorfer M
维生素D是一种微量营养素，需要在整个生命的最佳健康。维生素D3（胆钙化醇）既可以在人体皮肤暴露于太阳的紫外线下合成，也可以从饮食中获得。如果由于阳光照射减少（例如在冬季）而导致皮肤的光转化不足，则从饮食中摄取足够的维生素D对健康至关重要。严重的维生素D缺乏会导致许多可以避免的疾病；其中包括众所周知的骨骼疾病，如骨质疏松症，许多自身免疫性疾病，许多不同的癌症，以及一些心血管疾病，如高血压，正在讨论中。维生素D只天然存在于极少数食物中。含有维生素D的食物包括一些富含脂肪的鱼，鱼肝油，喂了维生素D的母鸡的鸡蛋以及一些有相应规定的强化食品。根据地理位置或食物供应，在全球范围内摄入足够的维生素D可能不够。国际骨质疏松基金会（IOF）利用已发表的数据收集了不同国家人群的25-羟基维生素D血浆水平，并绘制了全球维生素D地图。这张地图说明了世界上维生素D没有达到足够25-羟基维生素D血浆水平的部分：6.7%的论文报告25-羟基维生素D血浆水平低于25 nmol/L，这表明维生素D缺乏，37.3%低于50 nmol/Land，只有11.9%发现25-羟基维生素D血浆水平高于维生素D专家建议的75 nmol/L目标。维生素D地图为维生素D不足的大流行辩论提供了进一步的证据，这也是发达国家的一个问题。除了营养不良，也就是饮食不能提供足够的营养，包括生长和维持所需的微量营养素，我们显然还有一种情况，即摄入了足够的营养，但缺乏足够的维生素D微量营养素水平。后一种情况被称为隐性饥饿。维生素D不足的状况会影响医疗保健费用，如果得到纠正，这反过来又可以节省大量费用。由于对大流行在分子水平上的影响知之甚少，如表观遗传印记，不足触发的基因调控或遗传背景对身体维持代谢弹性的影响，因此需要进一步的研究。营养学界对导致维生素D不足的分子机制非常感兴趣。近年来，新的大规模技术已经成为可能，可以同时获取器官细胞中的转录组、表观基因组、蛋白质组或代谢组数据。这些重要的方法现在被用于营养基因组学、营养遗传学或营养表观遗传学等新兴科学领域的营养方法总结。相信在这些新概念的帮助下，可以产生进一步的理解，以开发未来可持续的营养解决方案，以保障营养安全。
Vitamin D is a micronutrient that is needed for optimal health throughout the whole life. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) can be either synthesized in the human skin upon exposure to the UV light of the sun, or it is obtained from the diet. If the photoconversion in the skin due to reduced sun exposure (e.g., in wintertime) is insufficient, intake of adequate vitamin D from the diet is essential to health. Severe vitamin D deficiency can lead to a multitude of avoidable illnesses; among them are well-known bone diseases like osteoporosis, a number of autoimmune diseases, many different cancers, and some cardiovascular diseases like hypertension are being discussed. Vitamin D is found naturally in only very few foods. Foods containing vitamin D include some fatty fish, fish liver oils, and eggs from hens that have been fed vitamin D and some fortified foods in countries with respective regulations. Based on geographic location or food availability adequate vitamin D intake might not be sufficient on a global scale. The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) has collected the 25-hydroxy-vitamin D plasma levels in populations of different countries using published data and developed a global vitamin D map. This map illustrates the parts of the world, where vitamin D did not reach adequate 25-hydroxyvitamin D plasma levels: 6.7% of the papers report 25-hydroxyvitamin D plasma levels below 25 nmol/L, which indicates vitamin D deficiency, 37.3% are below 50 nmol/Land only 11.9% found 25-hydroxyvitamin D plasma levels above 75 nmol/L target as suggested by vitamin D experts. The vitamin D map is adding further evidence to the vitamin D insufficiency pandemic debate, which is also an issue in the developed world. Besides malnutrition, a condition where the diet does not match to provide the adequate levels of nutrients including micronutrients for growth and maintenance, we obviously have a situation where enough nutrients were consumed, but lacked to reach sufficient vitamin D micronutrient levels. The latter situation is known as hidden hunger. The inadequate vitamin D status impacts on health care costs, which in turn could result in significant savings, if corrected. Since little is known about the effects on the molecular level that accompany the pandemic like epigenetic imprinting, the insufficiency-triggered gene regulations or the genetic background influence on the body to maintain metabolic resilience, future research will be needed. The nutrition community is highly interested in the molecular mechanism that underlies the vitamin D insufficiency caused effect. In recent years, novel large scale technologies have become available that allow the simultaneous acquisition of transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, or metabolome data in cells of organs. These important methods are now used for nutritional approaches summarized in emerging scientific fields of nutrigenomics, nutrigenetics, or nutriepigenetics. It is believed that with the help of these novel concepts further understanding can be generated to develop future sustainable nutrition solutions to safeguard nutrition security.
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作者：
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DOI：
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发表时间：
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影响因子：
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