Excess Savings and Twin Deficits: The Transmission of Fiscal Stimulus in Open Economies

Excess Savings and Twin Deficits: The Transmission of Fiscal Stimulus in Open Economies
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超额储蓄和双赤字:开放经济中财政刺激的传导

DOI:
10.1086/723586
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发表时间:
2023
期刊:
NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2022
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Straub, Ludwig
Straub, Ludwig
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Aggarwal, Rishabh;Auclert, Adrien;Rognlie, Matthew;Straub, Ludwig

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世界各国政府为应对新冠疫情大流行造成的经济影响,向家庭和企业提供了前所未有的转移支付,并以巨额财政赤字为这些转移支付提供资金,这将对公共债务水平产生长期影响。 1 在此期间,各地私人储蓄率均上升,经常账户出现重要变动,其中包括美国经常账户赤字显着增加(见图 1)。在本文中,我们要问:这些变化在多大程度上相关?从短期和长期来看,财政赤字如何影响世界国际收支平衡?标准李嘉图范式认为,赤字融资转移会增加私人储蓄,而不会对经常账户或任何其他宏观经济结果产生影响。根据这种观点,家庭应该保存所有转移资金。然而,这与大流行期间记录的转移中的实质性边际消费倾向(MPC)不一致。 2 此外,即使在最初储蓄转移支付的家庭中,也有越来越多的证据表明存在“支出减少”现象。例如,图 2 显示,在美国,中产阶级家庭(以支票账户余额分布中最底层的 80% 为代表)迅速耗尽了他们通过三轮刺激付款中每一轮建立的超额余额。 3 然而,迄今为止,对开放经济中财政政策的分析在很大程度上仅限于满足李嘉图等价或不减少过去储蓄支出的模型。
Governments around the world responded to the economic fallout from the COVID pandemic with unprecedented transfers to households and firms, financing these transfers with large fiscal deficits that will have a long-lasting effect on public debt levels. 1 During this period, private saving rates rose everywhere, and there were important movements in current accounts, including a notable increase in the US current-account deficit (seefig. 1). In this paper, we ask: To what extent were these changes related? How do fiscal deficits affect the world's balance of payments in the short and the long run?The standard Ricardian paradigm asserts that deficit-financed transfers raise private savings, with no effect on the current account or any other macroeconomic outcome. According to this view, households should save all of their transfers. This, however, is inconsistent with the substantial marginal propensities to consume (MPCs) out of transfers documented during the pandemic. 2 Moreover, even among households that initially saved their transfers, there is increasing evidence of a" spending-down" phenomenon. For instance, figure 2 shows that, in the United States, middle-class households-as proxied by the bottom 80% of the distribution of checking-account balances-rapidly depleted the excess balances they built from each of the three rounds of stimulus payments. 3 To date, however, the analysis of fiscal policy in the open economy has been largely limited to models that either satisfy Ricardian equivalence or feature no spending down of past savings.
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