Metalloregulators: Arbiters of Metal Sufficiency

Metalloregulators: Arbiters of Metal Sufficiency
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金属监管者:金属充足性的仲裁者

DOI:
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发表时间:
2007
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Scott E. Gabriel
Scott E. Gabriel
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
J. Helmann;Sumarin Soonsanga;Scott E. Gabriel

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金属稳态依赖于金属调节蛋白协调运输和储存功能表达的能力。金属调节蛋白可分为两大类:调节必需金属摄取的蛋白(Fur、DtxR/MntR和NikR家族)和调节金属流出和解毒机制的蛋白(ArsR/SmtB和MerR家族)。在每个金属调节蛋白家族中,金属选择性和相应的生物反应存在巨大的多样性。每个家族至少有一种蛋白质结构的可用性开始为金属选择性的起源提供见解。金属离子选择性和亲和力的生化测量提供了一个窗口到周围的金属离子条件内的胞质溶胶:metallogregulators感营养金属必须准备绑定的金属离子一旦基本功能位点饱和,但在偶然协会开始干扰细胞功能。同样,金属离子过量的传感器,无论是非必需的有毒金属或营养金属,必须响应金属,在低于那些将抑制或阻止细胞生长的水平,激活适当的防御措施。最近的见解强调了全球性的压力反应引起的金属离子缺乏。除了预期的高亲和力摄取系统的去抑制之外,金属离子饥饿导致蛋白质组的大规模重塑,包括:(i)金属保留,(ii)金属取代,和(iii)金属动员反应。
Metal homeostasis relies on the ability of metalloregulatory proteins to coordinate the expression of transport and storage functions. Metalloregulatory proteins can be divided into two major groups: those that regulate the uptake of essential metals (the Fur, DtxR/MntR, and NikR families) and those that regulate metal efflux and detoxification mechanisms (the ArsR/SmtB and MerR families). Within each metalloregulator protein family, there is a tremendous diversity in metal selectivity and the corresponding biological responses. The availability of at least one protein structure from each family is beginning to provide insights into the origins of metal selectivity. Biochemical measurements of metal ion selectivity and affinity provide a window into the ambient metal ion conditions within the cytosol: metalloregulators that sense nutrient metals must be poised to bind the metal ion once the essential functional sites are saturated, but before adventitious associations begin to interfere with cellular function. Similarly, sensors of metal ion excess, whether for non-essential toxic metals or nutrient metals, must respond to metals, at levels below those that will inhibit or prevent cell growth, to activate appropriate defensive measures. Recent insights highlight the global nature of stress responses elicited by metal ion deficiency. In addition to the expected derepression of high affinity uptake systems, metal ion starvation leads to a large-scale remodeling of the proteome that includes: (i) metal-sparing, (ii) metal-substitution, and (iii) metal-mobilization responses.
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