Simulated driving performance among daily and occasional cannabis users.
Simulated driving performance among daily and occasional cannabis users.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aap.2021.106326
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发表时间：
2021-09
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kosnett MJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brooks-Russell A;Brown T;Friedman K;Wrobel J;Schwarz J;Dooley G;Ryall KA;Steinhart B;Amioka E;Milavetz G;Sam Wang G;Kosnett MJ
每天吸食大麻的人会对某些药物产生耐受性，但这在多大程度上减轻了驾驶障碍还不确定。本研究使用驾驶模拟器比较了偶尔和日常大麻使用者的急性大麻使用对驾驶性能的影响。我们使用受试者内设计来观察年龄在25至45岁之间、有不同大麻使用史的成年人的驾驶表现。85名参与者（43名男性，42名女性）被纳入最终分析：24名偶尔用户（每周1 - 2次），31名每日用户和30名非用户。使用基于汽车的驾驶模拟器（MiniSim™，国家高级驾驶模拟器），在模拟的城市驾驶场景中，在基线和15分钟随意吸食大麻后30分钟，获得驾驶性能的两项指标，横向放置标准偏差（SDLP）和相对于公布的限速速度。参与者吸食自备的大麻花产品（15%至30%四氢大麻酚）。分别在吸烟前后（吸烟开始后30分钟）采集血样。非用户在相同的休息间隔前后执行相同的驾驶场景。通过重复测量一般线性模型分析了驾驶性能的变化。吸烟后平均全血THC大麻素浓度为：偶尔吸食者THC = 6.4±5.6 ng/ml, THC- cooh = 10.9±8.79 ng/ml；每日吸食者THC = 36.4±37.4 ng/ml, THC- cooh = 98.1±90.6 ng/ml。在0到100分的范围内，偶尔使用者和日常使用者的主观高后平均得分相似（分别为52.4分和47.2分）。在协变量调整分析中，与非使用者相比，偶尔使用者在直道段从前到后的SDLP显著增加；非使用者平均减少1.1厘米（25.5厘米至24.4厘米），而偶尔使用者平均增加1.9厘米（21.7厘米至23.6厘米；p=0.02）。从基线到使用后（23.2 cm到25.0 cm），每日使用者也增加了直线路段的调整SDLP，但相对于非使用者的变化无统计学意义（p=0.08）。从基线到使用后，在直道路段，偶尔使用与非使用的未调整SDLP的标准化平均差异为0.64 (95% CI 0.09 - 1.19)，统计学上有显著的中度增加。当偶尔使用者与日常使用者对比时，SDLP的基线变化无统计学意义。日常使用者在直线路段的基线平均降低到使用后调整速度1.16英里/小时；与非用户和偶尔用户的速度略有增加相比，这是一个显著的变化（p分别=0.02和p=0.01）。我们观察到急性大麻吸食后SDLP评估的驾驶性能下降，只有在偶尔使用者中才有统计学意义。SDLP偶尔使用者和日常使用者之间的直接对比无统计学意义。与偶尔吸食大麻的人群和不吸食大麻的人群相比，每天吸食大麻的人开车速度更慢。研究结果并没有最终确定偶尔吸食大麻的人比每天吸食大麻的人表现出更多的驾驶障碍。
Daily cannabis users develop tolerance to some drug effects, but the extent to which this diminishes driving impairment is uncertain. This study compared the impact of acute cannabis use on driving performance in occasional and daily cannabis users using a driving simulator. We used a within-subjects design to observe driving performance in adults age 25 to 45 years with different cannabis use histories. Eighty-five participants (43 males, 42 females) were included in the final analysis: 24 occasional users (1 to 2 times per week), 31 daily users and 30 non-users. A car-based driving simulator (MiniSim™, National Advanced Driving Simulator) was used to obtain two measures of driving performance, standard deviation of lateral placement (SDLP) and speed relative to posted speed limit, in simulated urban driving scenarios at baseline and 30 minutes after a 15 minute ad libitum cannabis smoking period. Participants smoked self-supplied cannabis flower product (15% to 30% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Blood samples were collected before and after smoking (30 minutes after the start of smoking). Non-users performed the same driving scenarios before and after an equivalent rest interval. Changes in driving performance were analyzed by repeated measures general linear models. Mean whole blood THC cannabinoids concentrations post smoking were use THC = 6.4 ± 5.6 ng/ml, THC-COOH = 10.9 ± 8.79 ng/mL for occasional users and THC = 36.4 ± 37.4 ng/mL, THC-COOH = 98.1 ± 90.6 ng/mL for daily users. On a scale of 0 to 100, the mean post-use score of subjective high was similar in occasional users and daily users (52.4 and 47.2, respectively). In covariate-adjusted analysis, occasional users had a significant increase in SDLP in the straight road segment from pre to post compared to non-users; non-users decreased by a mean of 1.1 cm (25.5 cm to 24.4 cm) while occasional users increased by a mean of 1.9 cm (21.7 cm to 23.6 cm; p=0.02). Daily users also increased adjusted SDLP in straight road segments from baseline to post-use (23.2 cm to 25.0 cm), but the change relative to non-users was not statistically significant (p=0.08). The standardized mean difference in unadjusted SDLP from baseline to post-use in the straight road segments comparing occasional users to non-users was 0.64 (95% CI 0.09 – 1.19), a statistically significant moderate increase. When occasional users were contrasted with daily users, the baseline to post changes in SDLP were not statistically significant. Daily users exhibited a mean decrease in baseline to post-use adjusted speed in straight road segments of 1.16 mph; a significant change compared to slight speed increases in the non-users and occasional users (p=0.02 and p=0.01, respectively). We observed decrements in driving performance assessed by SDLP after acute cannabis smoking that was statistically significance only in the occasional users. Direct contrasts between the occasional users and daily users in SDLP were not statistically significant. Daily users drove slower after cannabis use as compared to the occasional use group and non-users. The study results do not conclusively establish that occasional users exhibit more driving impairment than daily users when both smoke cannabis ad libitum.
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DOI：
10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(1998110)13:2
发表时间：
1998-11-01
影响因子：
1.7
作者：
Neutel, I
通讯作者：
Neutel, I
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Arkell, Thomas R.;Lintzeris, Nicholas;McGregor, Iain S.
通讯作者：
McGregor, Iain S.
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
AKERSTEDT, T;GILLBERG, M
通讯作者：
GILLBERG, M
影响因子：
120.7
作者：
Arkell, Thomas R.;Vinckenbosch, Frederick;Ramaekers, Johannes G.
通讯作者：
Ramaekers, Johannes G.
DOI：
10.1136/bmj.e536
发表时间：
2012-02-09
期刊：
BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Asbridge M;Hayden JA;Cartwright JL
通讯作者：
Cartwright JL