Open Secrecy: How Police Crackdowns and Creative Problem-Solving Brought Illegal Markets out of the Shadows

Open Secrecy: How Police Crackdowns and Creative Problem-Solving Brought Illegal Markets out of the Shadows
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公开保密:警方镇压和创造性解决问题如何使非法市场走出阴影

DOI:
10.1093/sf/soz140
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
影响因子:
4.8
通讯作者:
Ladegaard, Isak
Ladegaard, Isak
中科院分区:
法学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Ladegaard, Isak

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有组织的非法活动是否会在法律压力下变得更强大、更先进?2013年10月,联邦调查局关闭了丝绸之路,这是一个蓬勃发展的非法毒品电子商务市场。在金融危机之后,市场参与者采用了一种新的身份验证方法,使其能够大规模迁移到其他市场,并创建了信息发布网站,减少了金融危机后的不确定性。其结果是一个分散的市场,参与者可以在多个网站上“公开保密”地操作。通过可验证的假名和安全混淆的真实世界身份,参与者可以公开讨论、计划和参与非法活动。来自警察和投机分子的威胁仍然存在,但不再是严重的担忧,因为买卖双方可以合理地期望他们的交换伙伴在未来的业务中有空;非法市场可以像合法市场一样运作。根据定量和定性数据,作者认为,信息技术的进步扩大了黑社会合作和创造性解决问题的机会结构,因此,冲击没有阻碍,而是刺激了数字毒品市场的发展。2013-2017年收集的数据包括来自三个非法电子商务市场的近100万笔交易,来自八个论坛的300万条信息,以及来自两个独立于市场的网站的网站流量。
Can organized illegal activities grow stronger and more advanced in response to legal pressure? In October 2013, the FBI shut down Silk Road, a thriving e-commerce market for illegal drugs. After the shock, market actors adopted a new identity verification method that enabled mass-migration to other markets, and created websites for information distribution that reduced post-shock uncertainties. The outcome was a decentralized market in which actors could operate in “open secrecy” across multiple websites. With verifiable pseudonyms and securely obfuscated real-world identities, actors could publicly discuss, plan, and participate in illegal activities. Threats from police and opportunistic criminals persisted but were no longer crippling concerns as buyers and sellers could reasonably expect that their exchange partners would be available for future business; the illegal market could operate more like a legal one. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, the author argues that advances in information technology have expanded the opportunity structure for cooperation and creative problem-solving in the underworld, and therefore that shocks did not hinder but rather stimulate development in digital drug markets. Data, collected in 2013–2017, include nearly one million transactions from three illicit e-commerce markets, three million messages from eight discussion forums, and website traffic from two market-independent websites.
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DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azx021
发表时间: 2017
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DOI: 10.1177/0896920517735670
发表时间: 2017
期刊: Critical Sociology
影响因子: 1.9
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Risuke Karima、Masahiro Yamaguchi 等人:“Interleukin-6 对大鼠骨骼肌细胞外乳酸浓度的影响”,补充版 4. 30 (1995)。
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DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511791000.003
发表时间: 2002
期刊: The International Journal of the Commons
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