Evaluating the travel, physical activity and carbon impacts of a 'natural experiment' in the provision of new walking and cycling infrastructure: methods for the core module of the iConnect study.
Evaluating the travel, physical activity and carbon impacts of a 'natural experiment' in the provision of new walking and cycling infrastructure: methods for the core module of the iConnect study.
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DOI：
10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000694
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
iConnect Consortium
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ogilvie D;Bull F;Cooper A;Rutter H;Adams E;Brand C;Ghali K;Jones T;Mutrie N;Powell J;Preston J;Sahlqvist S;Song Y;iConnect Consortium
改善基础设施以支持步行和骑自行车通常被认为是鼓励其广泛采用的根本。然而，几乎没有证据表明这类具体规定导致了步行或骑自行车实践的显着增加，更不用说更广泛的影响，如整体身体活动或碳排放的变化。Connect2是一个重要的新项目，旨在通过改善当地的行人和自行车路线来促进英国的步行和骑自行车。因此，它提供了一个有用的机会，通过自然实验研究在这一领域贡献新的证据。iconconnect是一项独立研究，旨在将公共卫生和交通研究的观点整合到Connect2方案的旅行、身体活动和碳影响的测量和评估中。在本文中，作者报告了iConnect核心模块的研究设计和方法。这包括对居住在卡迪夫，凯尼尔沃思和南安普敦三个案例研究Connect2项目5公里范围内的居民进行队列研究，并通过对项目关键线人进行定性访谈的计划提供支持。参与者被要求完成邮寄问卷，在新基础设施开放前后重复，收集有关人口和社会经济特征、旅行、汽车燃料购买和身体活动的数据，以及这些行为的潜在社会心理和环境相关因素和中介因素。在没有合适的无干预对照组的情况下，研究设计利用了案例研究样本内部和样本之间暴露的异质性，以提供一个反事实。这项研究得到了南安普顿大学研究伦理委员会的批准。研究结果将通过学术报告、同行评议出版物和研究网站（http://www.iconnect.ac.uk）以及在研究结束时通过全国研讨会的方式传播。步行和骑自行车为人们在日常生活中加入更多中等强度的体育活动提供了理想的机会，从而降低了患糖尿病和冠心病等慢性疾病的风险。改善基础设施以支持步行和骑自行车通常被认为是鼓励其广泛采用的基础，但几乎没有强有力的证据支持这种干预措施的有效性。Connect2是一个重要的新项目，旨在通过改善当地的行人和自行车路线来促进英国的步行和骑自行车。因此，它提供了一个有用的机会，通过自然实验研究，在这一领域贡献新的证据，即iconconnect研究。iConnect研究的核心模块包括对居住在三个Connect2项目5公里范围内的居民进行队列研究。参与者被要求完成邮寄问卷，在新基础设施开放前后重复，收集有关人口和社会经济特征、旅行、汽车燃料购买和身体活动的数据，以及这些行为的潜在社会心理和环境相关因素和中介因素。以前很少有研究试图将公共卫生和交通研究的观点整合起来，探讨如何将步行或骑自行车等行为概念化和测量，或寻求优化这些行为及其假定的相关因素和中介因素的测量的上下文特异性。在没有合适的无干预对照组的情况下，研究设计利用了案例研究样本内部和样本之间暴露的异质性，以提供一个反事实。虽然这给未来的分析带来了挑战，但这种更灵活的方法也使研究在面对各种国家和地方因素导致的干预时间表变化时更具弹性。尽管在实施和分析方面存在挑战，但iconconnect研究的核心模块将为当地交通基础设施变化的行为影响和机制及其对卫生、交通、能源和气候政策的重要性提供宝贵的新见解。
Improving infrastructure to support walking and cycling is often regarded as fundamental to encouraging their widespread uptake. However, there is little evidence that specific provision of this kind has led to a significant increase in walking or cycling in practice, let alone wider impacts such as changes in overall physical activity or carbon emissions. Connect2 is a major new project that aims to promote walking and cycling in the UK by improving local pedestrian and cycle routes. It therefore provides a useful opportunity to contribute new evidence in this field by means of a natural experimental study. iConnect is an independent study that aims to integrate the perspectives of public health and transport research on the measurement and evaluation of the travel, physical activity and carbon impacts of the Connect2 programme. In this paper, the authors report the study design and methods for the iConnect core module. This comprised a cohort study of residents living within 5 km of three case study Connect2 projects in Cardiff, Kenilworth and Southampton, supported by a programme of qualitative interviews with key informants about the projects. Participants were asked to complete postal questionnaires, repeated before and after the opening of the new infrastructure, which collected data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, travel, car fuel purchasing and physical activity, and potential psychosocial and environmental correlates and mediators of those behaviours. In the absence of suitable no-intervention control groups, the study design drew on heterogeneity in exposure both within and between case study samples to provide for a counterfactual. The study was approved by the University of Southampton Research Ethics Committee. The findings will be disseminated through academic presentations, peer-reviewed publications and the study website (http://www.iconnect.ac.uk) and by means of a national seminar at the end of the study. Walking and cycling offer an ideal opportunity for people to incorporate more moderate-intensity physical activity into their daily lives, thereby reducing their risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart disease. Improving infrastructure to support walking and cycling is often regarded as fundamental to encouraging their widespread uptake, but there is little robust evidence to support the effectiveness of this type of intervention. Connect2 is a major new project that aims to promote walking and cycling in the UK by improving local pedestrian and cycle routes. It therefore provides a useful opportunity to contribute new evidence in this field by means of a natural experimental study, the iConnect study. The core module of the iConnect study comprised a cohort study of residents living within 5 km of three case study Connect2 projects. Participants were asked to complete postal questionnaires, repeated before and after the opening of the new infrastructure, which collected data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, travel, car fuel purchasing and physical activity, and potential psychosocial and environmental correlates and mediators of those behaviours. Few previous studies have attempted to integrate the perspectives of public health and transport research on how behaviours such as walking or cycling should be conceptualised and measured or sought to optimise the contextual specificity of the measures of those behaviours and their putative correlates and mediators. In the absence of suitable no-intervention control groups, the study design drew on heterogeneity in exposure both within and between case study samples to provide for a counterfactual. While this poses challenges for future analysis, this more flexible approach has also made the study more resilient in the face of shifting intervention timetables attributable to various national and local factors. Despite the challenges of implementation and analysis, the core module of the iConnect study will provide valuable new insights into the behavioural effects and mechanisms of changes to local transport infrastructure and their significance for health, transport, and energy and climate policy.
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DOI：
10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t
发表时间：
1991-12-01
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
AJZEN, I
通讯作者：
AJZEN, I
影响因子：
4
作者：
Nakash, Rachel A;Hutton, Jane L;Lamb, Sarah E
通讯作者：
Lamb, Sarah E
影响因子：
5.1
作者：
Giles-Corti, Billie;Knuiman, Matthew;Bulsara, Max
通讯作者：
Bulsara, Max
影响因子：
105.7
作者：
Ogilvie, D;Egan, M;Petticrew, M
通讯作者：
Petticrew, M
影响因子：
12.7
作者：
Ogilvie, David;Bull, Fiona;Rutter, Harry
通讯作者：
Rutter, Harry