Unbiased Estimates and Confidence Intervals of Riverine Loads for Low‐Frequency Water Quality Monitoring Strategies

Unbiased Estimates and Confidence Intervals of Riverine Loads for Low‐Frequency Water Quality Monitoring Strategies
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低频水质监测策略河流负荷的无偏估计和置信区间

DOI:
10.1029/2022wr031941
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
5.4
通讯作者:
Haruya TANAKAMARU
Haruya TANAKAMARU
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Akio TADA;Haruya TANAKAMARU

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准确估算河流组分负荷对于流域水污染控制和侵蚀控制至关重要,但尚未建立常用水质监测策略(如基于日历的高流量采样)的准确估算方法。因此,我们提出了无偏负荷估计和置信区间建设的方法,每年河流负荷使用霍维茨-汤普森估计的基础上收集的常用水质监测策略的有限样本(每年12至20)。此外,我们提出了一个不确定性减少方法来计算有效的置信区间,使用概率rescue的基础上,由于小样本量的简单评级曲线。基于不同流域、不同年份6个水质参数的150个年度流量和浓度观测数据集,验证了该方法的有效性。测试的抽样策略包括随时间随机抽样作为基于日历的抽样的代理,高流量抽样的随机抽样和流量比例抽样。结果表明,所提出的方法提供了无偏的负载估计的所有数据集和适当的置信区间。用概率回归得到的置信区间宽度的不确定性降低对于基于日历的抽样是有效的。我们还解释了定义适当的抽样概率的重要性,基于样本与缺失的观测负荷估计。所提出的方法可以用来评估和改善现有的水质监测策略,更有效的负载估计和准确的负载估计从现有的数据集检索。
Accurate estimates of riverine constituent loads are essential for water pollution control and erosion control in watersheds, but an accurate estimation method for commonly employed water quality monitoring strategies, such as calendar‐based sampling with high‐flow sampling, has not been established. Therefore, we propose methods for both unbiased load estimation and confidence interval construction for annual riverine loads using the Horvitz‐Thompson estimator based on limited samples (12 to 20 per year) collected with commonly used water quality monitoring strategies. In addition, we propose an uncertainty reduction method to calculate efficient confidence intervals using probability resampling based on a simple rating curve due to the small sample sizes. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by load estimates based on 150 annual data sets of daily pairs of discharge and concentration observations of six water quality parameters from different watersheds and years. The tested sampling strategies include random sampling over time as a proxy for calendar‐based sampling, random sampling with high‐flow sampling, and flow‐proportional sampling. The results show that the proposed methods provide unbiased load estimates for all the data sets and appropriate confidence intervals. The uncertainty reduction in the confidence interval widths obtained with probability resampling is effective for calendar‐based sampling. We also explain the importance of defining proper sampling probabilities for load estimation based on samples with missing observations. The proposed method can be used to evaluate and improve existing water quality monitoring strategies for more efficient load estimation and the retrieval of accurate load estimates from existing data sets.
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发表时间: 2022
影响因子: 3.7
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