The Role of Viral RNA Degrading Factors in Shutoff of Host Gene Expression.

The Role of Viral RNA Degrading Factors in Shutoff of Host Gene Expression.
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DOI:
10.1146/annurev-virology-100120-012345
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发表时间:
2022-09-29
影响因子:
11.3
通讯作者:
--
中科院分区:
医学2区
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许多病毒诱导宿主基因表达的关闭(宿主关闭)作为接管细胞机制和逃避宿主免疫的策略。没有宿主关闭活性,这些病毒通常在体内复制不良,证明了这种抗病毒策略的重要性。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了一个特别有利的方式,病毒诱导主机关闭:触发广泛的主机信使RNA(mRNA)衰变。病毒可以通过编码RNA切割或去帽酶直接触发mRNA破坏增加,或者通过激活细胞RNA降解途径间接触发mRNA破坏增加。我们回顾了已知的几种病毒RNA降解因子的作用机制。然后,我们讨论了广泛的RNA降解对宿主基因表达和免疫逃避机制的后果,突出开放的问题。解决这些问题对于理解病毒RNA降解因子如何调节宿主基因表达以及这一过程如何帮助病毒逃避宿主反应和复制至关重要。
Many viruses induce shutoff of host gene expression (host shutoff) as a strategy to take over cellular machinery and evade host immunity. Without host shutoff activity, these viruses generally replicate poorly in vivo, attesting to the importance of this antiviral strategy. In this review, we discuss one particularly advantageous way for viruses to induce host shutoff: triggering widespread host messenger RNA (mRNA) decay. Viruses can trigger increased mRNA destruction either directly, by encoding RNA cleaving or decapping enzymes, or indirectly, by activating cellular RNA degradation pathways. We review what is known about the mechanism of action of several viral RNA degradation factors. We then discuss the consequences of widespread RNA degradation on host gene expression and on the mechanisms of immune evasion, highlighting open questions. Answering these questions is critical to understanding how viral RNA degradation factors regulate host gene expression and how this process helps viruses evade host responses and replicate.
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