Phase shifts and the stability of macroalgal communities on Caribbean coral reefs
Phase shifts and the stability of macroalgal communities on Caribbean coral reefs
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加勒比珊瑚礁大型藻类群落的相变和稳定性
DOI：
10.1007/s00338-009-0506-8
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Mumby P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mumby P
人们普遍认为，加勒比海的珊瑚礁有两种交替的稳定状态，一种是珊瑚占主导地位，另一种是大型藻类。然而，观察放牧，藻类覆盖和珊瑚招募之间的线性经验关系，导致交替稳定状态的存在受到质疑，珊瑚礁只是表现出连续的相位变化，以回应放牧或交替状态强大的某些变化放牧？在这里，一个模型的加勒比forefreef是用来调和两个稳定的社区国家的存在与共同的经验观察。据预测，珊瑚-depaerate和珊瑚为主的珊瑚礁状态在几十年至几百年的平衡时间尺度上是稳定的，它们的出现取决于珊瑚补充是否存在瓶颈，这是由放牧强度和其他过程变量的阈值水平决定的。在某些物理和生物条件下，即使放牧的增加减少了大型藻类的覆盖面，增加了珊瑚的补充，珊瑚也可能持续枯竭;只有当补充的程度足以克服种群瓶颈时，珊瑚占主导地位的状态才会开始出现。因此，适度增加放牧不一定使珊瑚种群得以恢复，而大幅度增加，例如与海胆Diademaantillarum恢复有关的增加，则可能超过放牧强度的阈值，并确定珊瑚恢复的轨迹。假设存在交替稳定状态是一致的放牧，藻类覆盖和珊瑚招聘之间的线性关系，当珊瑚覆盖低和藻类排斥珊瑚覆盖高时，实地观察。“大型藻类占主导地位”一词可能会引起误解，因为珊瑚礁状态可能与各种程度的大型藻类覆盖有关。在描述加勒比海珊瑚礁的交替状态时，“珊瑚礁”一词比“大型藻类占主导地位”更可取。
Caribbean coral reefs are widely thought to exhibit two alternate stable states with one being dominated by coral and the other by macroalgae. However, the observation of linear empirical relationships among grazing, algal cover and coral recruitment has led the existence of alternate stable states to be questioned; are reefs simply exhibiting a continuous phase shift in response to grazing or are the alternate states robust to certain changes in grazing? Here, a model of a Caribbean forereef is used to reconcile the existence of two stable community states with common empirical observations. Coral-depauperate and coral-dominated reef states are predicted to be stable on equilibrial time scales of decades to centuries and their emergence depends on the presence or absence of a bottleneck in coral recruitment, which is determined by threshold levels of grazing intensity and other process variables. Under certain physical and biological conditions, corals can be persistently depleted even while increases in grazing reduce macroalgal cover and enhance coral recruitment; only once levels of recruitment becomes sufficient to overwhelm the population bottleneck will the coral-dominated state begin to emerge. Therefore, modest increases in grazing will not necessarily allow coral populations to recover, whereas large increases, such as those associated with recovery of the urchinDiademaantillarum, are likely to exceed threshold levels of grazing intensity and set a trajectory of coral recovery. The postulated existence of alternate stable states is consistent with field observations of linear relationships between grazing, algal cover and coral recruitment when coral cover is low and algal exclusion when coral cover is high. The term ‘macroalgal dominated’ is potentially misleading because the coral-depauperate state can be associated with various levels of macroalgal cover. The term ‘coral depauperate’ is preferable to ‘macroalgal dominated’ when describing alternate states of Caribbean reefs.
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