Adaptivity and Anticipation in Expert-Laypeople Communication
Adaptivity and Anticipation in Expert-Laypeople Communication
复制标题
专家与外行沟通中的适应性和预期
DOI：
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Bromme
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Bromme
专家和外行之间的交流已经成为一种几乎无处不在的现象。然而，这个维度在专家的心理学研究中被忽视了，专家通常被建模为一个孤立的问题解决者。本文认为，特别是专家的专业知识往往被证明是与外行人有效的人际沟通的障碍。对社区成员概念的理论讨论（Clark and Marshall 1992）表明，专家采取外行人的观点以建立共同点是必要但复杂的要求。在对两种类型的计算机专家的实证研究中，调查了专家在多大程度上能够预测外行人对其领域的了解。第二项研究分析了专业建筑师在适应外行观众时对知识的不同方面的不同考虑。在日常生活中有许多情况下，人们必须依靠专家提供的专业知识。因此，专家与外行之间的交流已经成为一种几乎无处不在的现象。然而，专业知识有时会成为与外行人有效沟通的障碍。说有某种类型的盲专家不仅仅是陈词滥调。尽管他或她的专业表现娴熟，但当他/她被要求解释他/她是如何解决一个问题的时候，这类专家就会惊人地失败。传统的专业知识研究已经对复杂领域专家表现的认知基础产生了重要的见解（Boshuizen and van de Wiel 1998, Bromme 1992, Chi, Glaser, and Farr 1988, Ericsson and Smith 1991, Evans and Patel 1992, Hoffman 1992）。丰富和差异化的知识库，包括问题的多种表示和具有经验的分类感知，使问题的快速概念化和常规问题解决策略的激活成为可能。在这种研究传统中，通常将高绩效专家与新手和中级人员进行比较，而所研究的知识库仅限于问题领域，即某一专业领域。因此，沟通和合作所需的知识基础没有被研究，相反，专家更倾向于被解释为一个孤独的问题解决者。当OexpertO被理解为oprofessiono时（参见Bromme和Tillema 1995，这两个概念的共同点和差异），当他们与外行（或与其他领域的专家）的互动被检查时，问题就出现了，哪些额外的知识和技能是必要的，以应付合作和沟通的任务需求，以及这些额外的知识如何与领域知识相关。我们已经制定了一个研究计划来调查这些问题。我们对专家和外行之间的交流以及跨学科工作环境中的交流特别感兴趣（http://wwwpsy.uni-muenster.de/inst3/ AEbromme）。目前，我们特别侧重于分析专家的能力，以预测外行人的观点，以达到交际目的。我们建议，对这种预期的研究是了解更多关于与外行人成功沟通所需的额外的专业知识的性质的重要一步。
Communication between experts and laypeople has become an almost ubiquitous phenomenon. However, this dimension has been neglected in psychological research on expertise where the expert usually is modeled as an isolated problem solver. The present paper argues that in particular the expertOs specialized knowledge often proves to be an obstacle to effective interpersonal communication with laypersons. The theoretical discussion of the notion of community membership (Clark and Marshall 1992) shows that it is a necessary but complex demand for experts to take a laypersonOs perspective in order to establish common ground. In an empirical study with two types of computer experts it was investigated in how far experts are able to anticipate what laypersons know about their domain. A second study analyzed how different aspects of knowledge are differently considered by expert architects when adapting to a lay audience. There are numerous situations in everyday life in which one must rely on specialized knowledge provided by experts. Hence, expert-layperson communication has become an almost ubiquitous phenomenon. However, sometimes specialized knowledge becomes an obstacle to effective communication with laypeople. It is more than just a clich to say that there is a certain type of Oblind expertO. Despite his or her skilled professional performance this type of expert strikingly fails as soon as he/she is asked to explain how he/she managed to solve oneOs problem. Traditional research on expertise has yielded important insights into the cognitive basis of expert performance in complex domains (Boshuizen and van de Wiel 1998, Bromme 1992, Chi, Glaser, and Farr 1988, Ericsson and Smith 1991, Evans and Patel 1992, Hoffman 1992). A rich and differentiated knowledge base, including multiple representations of problems and a categorical perception OsoakedO with experience, enables a rapid conceptualization of problems and the activation of routine problem solving strategies. In this research tradition, high performance experts are typically compared with novices and intermediates while the knowledge base under study is confined to the problem domain, i.e. a certain field of expertise. Hence, the knowledge base required for communication and cooperation is not studied, instead the expert is rather construed as a OlonelyO problem solver. When OexpertO is understood as OprofessionalO (cf. Bromme and Tillema 1995, for commonalities and differences of both concepts) and when their interaction with laypersons (or with experts from other domains) is examined, the question arises which additional knowledge and skills are necessary to cope with the task demand of cooperation and communication and how this additional knowledge is related to the domain-knowledge. We have set up a research program to investigate such questions. We are especially interested in communication between experts and laypeople and in communication within interdisciplinary work-settings (http://wwwpsy.uni-muenster.de/inst3/ AEbromme). At present, we focus in particular on the analysis of expertsO ability to anticipate a laypersonOs perspective for communicative purposes. We propose that the study of such anticipations is an important step to learn more about the nature of the OadditionalO expert knowledge needed for successful communication with laypersons.
沟通中知识的协调：说话者对其他人所知的假设的影响。
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
Fussell,SR;Krauss,RM
通讯作者：
Krauss,RM