Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 in naturally infected mink farms: Impact, transmission dynamics, genetic patterns, and environmental contamination.
Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 in naturally infected mink farms: Impact, transmission dynamics, genetic patterns, and environmental contamination.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.ppat.1009883
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发表时间：
2021-09
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Dovas CI
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chaintoutis SC;Thomou Z;Mouchtaropoulou E;Tsiolas G;Chassalevris T;Stylianaki I;Lagou M;Michailidou S;Moutou E;Koenen JJH;Dijkshoorn JW;Paraskevis D;Poutahidis T;Siarkou VI;Sypsa V;Argiriou A;Fortomaris P;Dovas CI
水貂的SARS-CoV-2感染暴发对动物健康和福利以及公共卫生产生了严重影响。在位于希腊的两个自然感染水貂养殖场（A和B），我们调查了疫情并评估了与病毒传播、免疫、病理和环境污染相关的参数。症状从厌食和轻度抑郁到不同强度的呼吸体征不等。虽然农场处于不同的繁殖阶段，但死亡率相似（8.4%和10.0%）。病毒株属于谱系B.1.1.218和B.1.1.305，具有水貂特异性S-Y 453 F置换。肺组织病理学确定血管壁的平滑肌和结缔组织成分坏死以及血管炎是急性SARS-CoV-2诱导的支气管间质性肺炎的主要早期关键事件。在两个死貂的分子研究表明，一贯较高（0.3-1.3 log 10 RNA拷贝/g）的雄性水貂的器官中的病毒载量相比，女性。在农场A中，受感染的农民对1，000只处理过的水貂中的229只进行了显著的初始感染，这表明人与貂之间的传播非常有效。由于空气传播，在饲养动物的棚内发生了后续感染。根据R 0为2.90和生长率等于0.293，世代时间估计为3.6天，表明SARS-CoV-2在水貂中的大规模传播。在疫情结束后，两个农场的动物免疫率相似（93.0%和93.3%），防止了病毒的进一步传播，而从棚面和空气中采集的样本中检测到病毒RNA。因此，在出现临床体征期间，必须采取严格的生物安全措施。水貂养殖场应采用环境病毒载量监测和NGS监测相结合的方法。计算出需要接种疫苗以避免农场疫情爆发的水貂的最低比例为65.5%，这对未来的疫苗接种活动非常重要。水貂中的SARS-CoV-2感染疫情于2020年4月首次报告。由于这种情况对水貂和人类都很重要，我们调查了2个水貂养殖场在不同繁殖阶段的自然感染暴发。我们在其中一个养殖场观察到非常有效的人貂传播，其中农民因血液采样而感染了大量水貂。在这两个农场中，观察到了广泛的症状，随后在22-23天内出现了高死亡率，表明由于空气传播，动物之间和畜舍之间发生了大规模传播。疫情结束后，两个养殖场的免疫力同样非常高（约93%），流行病学数据表明，疫情停止时免疫水貂的最低比例为65.5%。所鉴定的SARS-CoV-2株具有水貂特异性的S-Y 453 F氨基酸替换。组织学结果提示在建立经典间质性肺炎病变之前存在广泛的肺血管损伤。我们还检测到SARS冠状病毒-2 RNA的灰尘和空气样本后，解决的临床症状。我们认为，应该提高所有在疫情期间参与水貂处理的人的意识，以尽量减少通过生物气溶胶或受感染的灰尘直接或空气传播的可能性。
SARS-CoV-2 infection outbreaks in minks have serious implications associated with animal health and welfare, and public health. In two naturally infected mink farms (A and B) located in Greece, we investigated the outbreaks and assessed parameters associated with virus transmission, immunity, pathology, and environmental contamination. Symptoms ranged from anorexia and mild depression to respiratory signs of varying intensity. Although the farms were at different breeding stages, mortality was similarly high (8.4% and 10.0%). The viral strains belonged to lineages B.1.1.218 and B.1.1.305, possessing the mink-specific S-Y453F substitution. Lung histopathology identified necrosis of smooth muscle and connective tissue elements of vascular walls, and vasculitis as the main early key events of the acute SARS-CoV-2-induced broncho-interstitial pneumonia. Molecular investigation in two dead minks indicated a consistently higher (0.3–1.3 log10 RNA copies/g) viral load in organs of the male mink compared to the female. In farm A, the infected farmers were responsible for the significant initial infection of 229 out of 1,000 handled minks, suggesting a very efficient human-to-mink transmission. Subsequent infections across the sheds wherein animals were being housed occurred due to airborne transmission. Based on a R0 of 2.90 and a growth rate equal to 0.293, the generation time was estimated to be 3.6 days, indicative of the massive SARS-CoV-2 dispersal among minks. After the end of the outbreaks, a similar percentage of animals were immune in the two farms (93.0% and 93.3%), preventing further virus transmission whereas, viral RNA was detected in samples collected from shed surfaces and air. Consequently, strict biosecurity is imperative during the occurrence of clinical signs. Environmental viral load monitoring, in conjunction with NGS should be adopted in mink farm surveillance. The minimum proportion of minks that need to be immunized to avoid outbreaks in farms was calculated at 65.5%, which is important for future vaccination campaigns. SARS-CoV-2 infection outbreaks in minks were first reported on April 2020. As this condition is important for both minks and humans, we investigated natural infection outbreaks in 2 mink farms at different breeding stages. We observed a very efficient human-to-mink transmission in one of the farms, in which farmers infected a high number of minks due to blood samplings. In both farms, a wide range of symptoms was observed, followed by high mortality spanning a period of 22–23 days, indicative of massive spread among animals and between sheds due to airborne transmission. The immunity conferred after the end of the outbreak was equally very high in both farms (~93%) and epidemiological data suggest that the minimum proportion of immune minks for outbreak halting is 65.5%. The characterized SARS-CoV-2 strains possessed the mink-specific S-Y453F amino-acid substitution. Histopathological findings were suggestive of extensive lung vessel damage before the establishment of classical interstitial pneumonia lesions. We also detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in dust and air samples after the resolution of the clinical signs. We believe that awareness should be raised for all people involved in mink handling during outbreaks, to minimize the possibilities of direct or airborne transmission through bio-aerosols or infected dust.
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影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Hobbs EC;Reid TJ
通讯作者：
Reid TJ
影响因子：
8.9
作者：
Carraturo, Federica;Del Giudice, Carmela;Guida, Marco
通讯作者：
Guida, Marco
DOI：
10.4049/jimmunol.1601896
发表时间：
2017-05-15
期刊：
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Channappanavar R;Fett C;Mack M;Ten Eyck PP;Meyerholz DK;Perlman S
通讯作者：
Perlman S
影响因子：
13.2
作者：
Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo;Kok, Kin-Hang;Yuen, Kwok-Yung
通讯作者：
Yuen, Kwok-Yung
影响因子：
1.2
作者：
Cingolani, Pablo;Platts, Adrian;Ruden, Douglas M.
通讯作者：
Ruden, Douglas M.