The evolutionary biomechanics of locomotor function in giant land animals.
The evolutionary biomechanics of locomotor function in giant land animals.
复制标题
大型陆地动物运动功能的进化生物力学。
DOI：
10.1242/jeb.217463
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发表时间：
2021-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hutchinson JR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hutchinson JR
大型陆地脊椎动物已经进化了30多次，尤其是恐龙和哺乳动物。这里考虑的进化和生物力学观点统一了现存和灭绝物种的数据，评估了目前关于巨人运动生物力学如何进化的理论。在陆生四足动物中，骨骼的等长和异速缩放模式在整个进化史上都很明显，反映了动物进化成巨大体型时的总体趋势和谱系特异性差异。再加上其他支持组织和神经肌肉控制的数据，这些模式阐明了巨型四足动物的谱系是如何进化成适应巨人症限制的健壮形式的，但也有一些形态上的变化。从四肢杠杆比例和最大速度趋势中得出的见解强化了这样一种观点，即超过100-300公斤的体重，四足动物的运动能力就会降低，最终可能会完全丧失奔跑甚至跑步等行为。与史前相比，现存巨型动物在多样性和形态差异上都有所下降；因此，转向化石记录可以告诉我们更多关于巨型四足动物的进化生物力学。在现存和灭绝的分类群中，种间变异和未知的形式和功能方面的不确定性仍然使我们无法使用理论生物力学的基本原理来严格限定巨人症的极限。然而，蜥脚类恐龙证明，它们的体重可以达到100到50吨，它们的身体结构与哺乳动物的巨兽大不相同。考虑到最大的两足恐龙和现代巨型动物在运动功能上的差异，这表明即使是陆地上的巨型恐龙也有灵活性，允许不同的运动专业化。摘要：研究现存和灭绝的分类群中与体型相关的变化揭示了巨大的陆地四足动物在进化过程中变得不那么运动；然而，有多种进化的解决方案来解决与巨大尺寸相关的限制。
Giant land vertebrates have evolved more than 30 times, notably in dinosaurs and mammals. The evolutionary and biomechanical perspectives considered here unify data from extant and extinct species, assessing current theory regarding how the locomotor biomechanics of giants has evolved. In terrestrial tetrapods, isometric and allometric scaling patterns of bones are evident throughout evolutionary history, reflecting general trends and lineage-specific divergences as animals evolve giant size. Added to data on the scaling of other supportive tissues and neuromuscular control, these patterns illuminate how lineages of giant tetrapods each evolved into robust forms adapted to the constraints of gigantism, but with some morphological variation. Insights from scaling of the leverage of limbs and trends in maximal speed reinforce the idea that, beyond 100–300 kg of body mass, tetrapods reduce their locomotor abilities, and eventually may lose entire behaviours such as galloping or even running. Compared with prehistory, extant megafaunas are depauperate in diversity and morphological disparity; therefore, turning to the fossil record can tell us more about the evolutionary biomechanics of giant tetrapods. Interspecific variation and uncertainty about unknown aspects of form and function in living and extinct taxa still render it impossible to use first principles of theoretical biomechanics to tightly bound the limits of gigantism. Yet sauropod dinosaurs demonstrate that >50 tonne masses repeatedly evolved, with body plans quite different from those of mammalian giants. Considering the largest bipedal dinosaurs, and the disparity in locomotor function of modern megafauna, this shows that even in terrestrial giants there is flexibility allowing divergent locomotor specialisations. Summary: Examining size-related changes in living and extinct taxa reveals that giant land tetrapods become less athletic during their evolution; however, there are multiple evolutionary solutions to the constraints associated with giant size.
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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