Burial and Denudation Alter Microbial Life at the Bottom of the Hypo‐Critical Zone

Burial and Denudation Alter Microbial Life at the Bottom of the Hypo‐Critical Zone
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掩埋和剥蚀改变了低临界区底部的微生物生活

DOI:
10.1029/2022gc010831
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发表时间:
2023
期刊:
Geosystems
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Ferguson, Grant
Ferguson, Grant
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
McIntosh, Jennifer;Kim, Ji‐Hyun;Bailey, Lydia;Osburn, Magdalena;Drake, Henrik;Martini, Anna;Reiners, Peter;Stevenson, Bradley;Ferguson, Grant

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随着地质时期地表条件的演变,在千米深(次)临界带底部的地下微生物生命是如何变化的,这是一个悬而未决的问题。本研究考察了科罗拉多高原油气储层的埋藏、挖掘、生物降解和流体循环历史,作为研究亚临界带的窗口。Paradox和unta盆地的油气储层深埋于约100 - 60 Ma,温度达到80-140℃,可能是自沉积物沉积以来微生物群落的灭菌作用。与蒸发岩相关的高盐度可能进一步限制微生物活动。在最大埋藏期,页岩烃源岩向上运移至浅层储层,形成富有机质“热点”,为微生物的重新引入创造了条件。在过去的几百万年里,科罗拉多河的剥蚀使水库在较低的温度下更接近地表,加强了深层大气水循环和含盐流体的冲刷,并可能重新注入了几公里深的更具渗透性的沉积物。在SO4通量相对较高的地区,现代到古油气藏显示出碳氢化合物厌氧氧化和细菌硫酸盐还原的分子和同位素证据。厌氧石油的生物降解率很高,足以解释在过去的几百万年里,微生物活动至少清除了科罗拉多高原上部分假定的“超大型油田”。这项研究的结果有助于限制次临界带的下限,以及它是如何随着地质时间的变化而演变的,以响应不断变化的地质、水文和生物强迫。
How subsurface microbial life changed at the bottom of the kilometers‐deep (hypo) Critical Zone in response to evolving surface conditions over geologic time is an open question. This study investigates the burial and exhumation, biodegradation, and fluid circulation history of hydrocarbon reservoirs across the Colorado Plateau as a window into the hypo‐Critical Zone. Hydrocarbon reservoirs, in the Paradox and Uinta basins, were deeply buried starting ca. 100 to 60 Ma, reaching temperatures >80–140°C, likely sterilizing microbial communities present since the deposition of sediments. High salinities associated with evaporites may have further limited microbial activity. Upward migration of hydrocarbons from shale source rocks into shallower reservoirs during maximum burial set the stage for microbial re‐introduction by creating organic‐rich “hot spots.” Denudation related to the incision of the Colorado River over the past few million years brought reservoirs closer to the surface under cooler temperatures, enhanced deep meteoric water circulation and flushing of saline fluids, and likely re‐inoculated more permeable sediments up to several km depth. Modern‐ to paleo‐hydrocarbon reservoirs show molecular and isotopic evidence of anaerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons coupled to bacterial sulfate reduction in areas with relatively high SO4‐fluxes. Anaerobic oil biodegradation rates are high enough to explain the removal of at least some portion of postulated “supergiant oil fields” across the Colorado Plateau by microbial activity over the past several million years. Results from this study help constrain the lower limits of the hypo‐Critical Zone and how it evolved over geologic time, in response to changing geologic, hydrologic, and biologic forcings.
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