Citizens Versus the Internet: Confronting Digital Challenges With Cognitive Tools.
Citizens Versus the Internet: Confronting Digital Challenges With Cognitive Tools.
复制标题
公民与互联网：用认知工具应对数字挑战。
DOI：
10.1177/1529100620946707
复制
发表时间：
2020-12
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hertwig R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kozyreva A;Lewandowsky S;Hertwig R
互联网已经发展成为一个无处不在和不可或缺的数字环境，人们在其中进行交流，寻求信息和做出决策。尽管提供了各种好处，在线环境也充满了智能，高度适应性的选择架构，主要是为了最大限度地提高商业利益，捕捉和维持用户的注意力，货币化用户数据，并预测和影响未来的行为。这种网络环境对社会产生了多重负面影响，例如人类自主性的下降，在线对话中的不文明行为增加，政治极端主义的便利以及虚假信息的传播。仁慈的选择架构师与监管机构合作，可能会遏制操纵性选择架构最糟糕的过度行为，但战略优势、资源和数据仍然掌握在商业参与者手中。解决这种不平衡的一种方法是采取干预措施，使互联网用户能够对他们的数字环境进行一定程度的控制，部分方法是提高他们的信息素养和对操纵的认知抵抗力。我们的目标是提出一个基于心理科学见解的干预措施的概念图。我们开始系统地概述了在线和离线环境的不同之处，尽管越来越难以分割。然后，我们确定了用户在在线环境中遇到的四种主要挑战：说服性和操纵性的选择架构、人工智能辅助的信息架构、虚假和误导性信息以及分散注意力的环境。接下来，我们转向心理科学如何为干预措施提供信息，以应对数字世界的这些挑战。在区分了三种类型的行为和认知干预-轻推，技术认知和提升-之后，我们专注于提升，其中我们确定了两个主要群体：（a）旨在增强人们在数字环境中的代理（例如，自我推动，故意无知）和（B）那些旨在提高推理能力和对操纵的弹性（例如，简单的决策辅助，接种）。这些认知工具旨在促进在线话语的文明，保护理性和人类自主权，免受操纵性选择架构，吸引注意力的技术和虚假信息的传播。
The Internet has evolved into a ubiquitous and indispensable digital environment in which people communicate, seek information, and make decisions. Despite offering various benefits, online environments are also replete with smart, highly adaptive choice architectures designed primarily to maximize commercial interests, capture and sustain users’ attention, monetize user data, and predict and influence future behavior. This online landscape holds multiple negative consequences for society, such as a decline in human autonomy, rising incivility in online conversation, the facilitation of political extremism, and the spread of disinformation. Benevolent choice architects working with regulators may curb the worst excesses of manipulative choice architectures, yet the strategic advantages, resources, and data remain with commercial players. One way to address some of this imbalance is with interventions that empower Internet users to gain some control over their digital environments, in part by boosting their information literacy and their cognitive resistance to manipulation. Our goal is to present a conceptual map of interventions that are based on insights from psychological science. We begin by systematically outlining how online and offline environments differ despite being increasingly inextricable. We then identify four major types of challenges that users encounter in online environments: persuasive and manipulative choice architectures, AI-assisted information architectures, false and misleading information, and distracting environments. Next, we turn to how psychological science can inform interventions to counteract these challenges of the digital world. After distinguishing among three types of behavioral and cognitive interventions—nudges, technocognition, and boosts—we focus on boosts, of which we identify two main groups: (a) those aimed at enhancing people’s agency in their digital environments (e.g., self-nudging, deliberate ignorance) and (b) those aimed at boosting competencies of reasoning and resilience to manipulation (e.g., simple decision aids, inoculation). These cognitive tools are designed to foster the civility of online discourse and protect reason and human autonomy against manipulative choice architectures, attention-grabbing techniques, and the spread of false information.
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
13.6
作者：
Allen, Jennifer;Howland, Baird;Watts, Duncan J.
通讯作者：
Watts, Duncan J.
影响因子：
7.2
作者：
Anderson, Ashley A.;Brossard, Dominique;Ladwig, Peter
通讯作者：
Ladwig, Peter
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Bakshy, Eytan;Messing, Solomon;Adamic, Lada A.
通讯作者：
Adamic, Lada A.
影响因子：
5.9
作者：
Berners-Lee, Tim;Cailliau, Robert;Pollermann, Bernd
通讯作者：
Pollermann, Bernd
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1804840115
发表时间：
2018-09-11
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Bail CA;Argyle LP;Brown TW;Bumpus JP;Chen H;Hunzaker MBF;Lee J;Mann M;Merhout F;Volfovsky A
通讯作者：
Volfovsky A