Prokaryotic reverse transcriptases: from retroelements to specialized defense systems.
Prokaryotic reverse transcriptases: from retroelements to specialized defense systems.
复制标题
原核生物逆转录酶：从逆转录元件到特殊防御系统。
DOI：
10.1093/femsre/fuab025
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发表时间：
2021-11-23
影响因子：
11.3
通讯作者：
Toro N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
González-Delgado A;Mestre MR;Martínez-Abarca F;Toro N
逆转录酶(RT)催化从RNA模板聚合DNA。这些酶于1970年在RNA肿瘤病毒中首次被发现，但直到1989年才在原核生物中被发现，成为反转录病毒的关键组成部分。除了由被称为第二组内含子的自私的移动反转录元件编码的RTS外，原核生物的RTS非常多样化，但它们的功能仍然难以捉摸。然而，最近的研究表明，不同血统的原核生物RTS，包括启动子、与CRISPR-CAS系统相关的RTS、类似Abi的RTS和其他尚未鉴定的RTS，是抵御噬菌体和其他移动遗传元件的不同防线的关键组成部分。原核生物RT参与了多种抗病毒策略，包括流产感染(Abi)，其中被感染的细胞被诱导自杀以保护宿主群体，获得性免疫，其中利用对先前感染的记忆来建立有效的防御，以及其他尚未确定的机制。这些原核酶吸引了相当多的关注，既用于前沿技术，如基因组编辑，也作为一个新兴的研究课题。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了关于原核生物RTS的已知情况，以及它们从逆转录元件驯化到创建特殊防御系统的令人兴奋的证据。原核生物逆转录酶(RTS)不仅用于基因组编辑等前沿技术，而且作为一个新兴的研究课题，正引起人们的极大关注。在这篇综述中，作者讨论了关于原核生物RTS的已知情况，以及它们从逆转录元件驯化到创建特殊防御系统的令人兴奋的证据。
Reverse transcriptases (RTs) catalyze the polymerization of DNA from an RNA template. These enzymes were first discovered in RNA tumor viruses in 1970, but it was not until 1989 that they were found in prokaryotes as a key component of retrons. Apart from RTs encoded by the ‘selfish’ mobile retroelements known as group II introns, prokaryotic RTs are extraordinarily diverse, but their function has remained elusive. However, recent studies have revealed that different lineages of prokaryotic RTs, including retrons, those associated with CRISPR-Cas systems, Abi-like RTs and other yet uncharacterized RTs, are key components of different lines of defense against phages and other mobile genetic elements. Prokaryotic RTs participate in various antiviral strategies, including abortive infection (Abi), in which the infected cell is induced to commit suicide to protect the host population, adaptive immunity, in which a memory of previous infection is used to build an efficient defense, and other as yet unidentified mechanisms. These prokaryotic enzymes are attracting considerable attention, both for use in cutting-edge technologies, such as genome editing, and as an emerging research topic. In this review, we discuss what is known about prokaryotic RTs, and the exciting evidence for their domestication from retroelements to create specialized defense systems. Prokaryotic reverse transcriptases (RTs) are attracting considerable attention, both for use in cutting-edge technologies, such as genome editing, and as an emerging research topic. In this review, the authors discuss what is known about prokaryotic RTs, and the exciting evidence for their domestication from retroelements to create specialized defense systems.
影响因子：
14.9
作者：
Chillón I;Martínez-Abarca F;Toro N
通讯作者：
Toro N