Male elk survival, vulnerability, and antler size in a transboundary and partially migratory population
Male elk survival, vulnerability, and antler size in a transboundary and partially migratory population
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跨境和部分迁徙种群中雄性麋鹿的生存、脆弱性和鹿角大小
DOI：
10.1002/jwmg.22386
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Merrill, Evelyn H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Martin, Hans;Hebblewhite, Mark;Hubbs, Anne;Corrigan, Rob;Merrill, Evelyn H.
迁移是许多有蹄类动物在异质景观中获取资源和避免捕食的行为策略。如果迁徙个体能够获得更高质量的草料并避免被捕食，那么它们应该获得更大的适应性。迁移还可能使遵循不同迁移策略的个人面临不同的死亡率和收成。我们调查了跨界迁移如何影响雄性麋鹿（加拿大鹿）的生存和鹿角大小时，受到收获与不同的鹿角点限制（APR）和全年收获的条约第一民族在多食肉动物系统在阿尔伯塔，加拿大。我们测量了35只未标记的收获雄性麋鹿和90只全球定位系统（GPS）领成年雄性麋鹿的鹿角大小和年龄。我们还估计了2018年至2020年的无线电项圈麋鹿生存率和特定原因死亡率（105麋鹿年）。鹿角大小增加作为年龄和暴露于高品质饲料的非线性函数的移民。暴露于更高质量饲料的生物效应大小（即，较低的生物量）是可变的但在生物学上等同于鹿角大小差异（即，33-54厘米）预测之间的5和6岁的男性麋鹿。年死亡率为0.304，主要死亡原因是狩猎（累积发病率函数[CIF]死亡率= 0.203，n = 33），其中三分之一是第一民族条约收获（CIF = 0.101，n = 12）。非人类引起的死亡率很罕见（CIF = 0.015）;只有2只雄性动物死于狼（Canis lupus）的捕食。六点APR导致具有≥6个鹿角点的雄性麋鹿的年存活率较低（S= 0.42），这些鹿角点通常>4岁。距离道路每近1公里，收获风险增加20%。麋鹿收获的持牌娱乐或第一民族猎人是相似的雄性麋鹿年龄，鹿角大小，日期和位置。很少有证据表明，多种大型食肉动物影响雄性麋鹿的生存。这些结果表明，饲料质量和人类收获的脆弱性影响雄性麋鹿的年龄结构，因此鹿角大小，跨界和部分迁移的人口，即使在食肉动物丰富的复杂系统。
Migration is a behavioral strategy used by many ungulates to access resources and avoid predation in heterogenous landscapes. If migratory individuals access higher quality forage and avoid predation, then they should attain greater fitness. Migration can also expose individuals following distinct migratory tactics to differential mortality and harvest. We investigated how transboundary migration affected male elk (Cervus canadensis) survival and antler size when subjected to harvest with different antler point restrictions (APRs) and year‐round harvest by treaty First Nations in a multi‐carnivore system in Alberta, Canada. We measured antler size and age for 35 unmarked, harvested male elk and 90 global positioning system (GPS)‐collared adult male elk. We also estimated radio‐collared elk survival and cause‐specific mortality (105 elk‐years) from 2018 to 2020. Antler size increased as a non‐linear function of age and exposure to high quality forage for migrants. The biological effect size of exposure to higher quality forage (i.e., lower biomass) obtained by migrants was variable but biologically equivalent to the antler size difference (i.e., 33–54 cm) predicted between 5‐ and 6‐year‐old male elk. Annual mortality rate was 0.304 and the primary cause of death was hunting (cumulative incidence functions [CIF] mortality rate = 0.203,n= 33 mortalities) of which a third was by First Nations treaty harvest (CIF = 0.101,n= 12). Non‐human‐caused mortality was rare (CIF = 0.015); only 2 males died because of predation by wolves (Canis lupus). Six‐point APRs resulted in lower annual survival rates (S= 0.42) for male elk with ≥6 antler points, which were usually >4 years of age. Harvest risk increased by 20% for every 1‐km closer to an access road. Elk harvested by licensed recreational or First Nations hunters were similar with respect to male elk age, antler size, date, and location. There was very little evidence that multiple species of large carnivores influenced male elk survival. These results indicate forage quality and vulnerability to harvest by humans influence male elk age structure, and hence antler size, of transboundary and partially migratory populations, even in carnivore‐rich complex systems.
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