Spatial and temporal escape from fungal parasitism in natural communities of anciently asexual bdelloid rotifers

Spatial and temporal escape from fungal parasitism in natural communities of anciently asexual bdelloid rotifers
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古代无性蛭形轮虫自然群落中真菌寄生的空间和时间逃逸

DOI:
10.1098/rspb.2013.1255
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发表时间:
2013
期刊:
Biological Sciences
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Wilson C
Wilson C
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Wilson C

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有性生殖是昂贵的,但它几乎是无处不在的植物和动物,而专性无性类群是罕见的,几乎总是短命的。红皇后假说认为,性通过使生物体与共同进化的寄生虫和病原体保持同步来克服其成本。如果是这样的话,那么在与寄生虫的共同进化相互作用异常微弱的群体中,应该会发现少数稳定的长期无性行为。从理论上讲,如果宿主在集合种群内的斑块中与寄生虫分开并更快地分散,对抗性协同进化将减弱。我们研究了这些条件是否满足蛭形轮虫,最长寿的无性系之一的自然社区。在任何生命阶段,这些微小的无脊椎动物都可以忍受它们短暂的淡水栖息地的完全干燥,作为休眠的繁殖体存活下来,很容易被风带走。在我们的野外实验中,干燥和风运输使蛭形轮虫能够在时间和空间上独立于多种真菌寄生虫分散。在未经处理的苔藓斑块蛭形生物群落的调查证实,真菌寄生与延长干旱和增加高度(暴露于风)呈负相关。因此,蛭形生态学符合模型的一个关键条件,其中无性恋者通过与共同进化的敌人的时空脱钩而持续存在。
Sexual reproduction is costly, but it is nearly ubiquitous among plants and animals, whereas obligately asexual taxa are rare and almost always short-lived. The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that sex overcomes its costs by enabling organisms to keep pace with coevolving parasites and pathogens. If so, the few cases of stable long-term asexuality ought to be found in groups whose coevolutionary interactions with parasites are unusually weak. In theory, antagonistic coevolution will be attenuated if hosts disperse among patches within a metapopulation separately from parasites and more rapidly. We examined whether these conditions are met in natural communities of bdelloid rotifers, one of the longest-lived asexual lineages. At any life stage, these microscopic invertebrates can tolerate the complete desiccation of their ephemeral freshwater habitats, surviving as dormant propagules that are readily carried by the wind. In our field experiments, desiccation and wind transport enabled bdelloids to disperse independently of multiple fungal parasites, in both time and space. Surveys of bdelloid communities in unmanipulated moss patches confirmed that fungal parasitism was negatively correlated with extended drought and increasing height (exposure to wind). Bdelloid ecology therefore matches a key condition of models in which asexuals persist through spatio-temporal decoupling from coevolving enemies.
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