Ticks and tick-borne pathogens at the cutaneous interface: host defenses, tick countermeasures, and a suitable environment for pathogen establishment.
Ticks and tick-borne pathogens at the cutaneous interface: host defenses, tick countermeasures, and a suitable environment for pathogen establishment.
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DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2013.00337
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发表时间：
2013-11-19
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Wikel S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wikel S
蜱虫在吸血节肢动物中是独一无二的，它能连续几天附着在宿主皮肤上并吸血。蜱类唾液中差异表达的生物活性分子的复杂性和多样性；它们调节宿主对疼痛和瘙痒、止血、炎症、先天和适应性免疫以及伤口愈合的防御能力；并且，它们传播多种传染源。所有这些相互作用都以一系列精心设计的宿主防御反应和蜱对策的复杂顺序发生在皮肤界面上，从而形成一个有利于成功吸血和在宿主体内建立蜱传感染因子的环境。在这里，我们研究了蜱附着在宿主皮肤上的不同模式、血液喂养机制、唾液腺转录组、蜱唾液中的生物活性分子、病原体传播的时间以及宿主对蜱叮咬的反应。蜱参与并调节皮肤和全身免疫防御，涉及角质形成细胞、自然杀伤细胞、树突状细胞、T细胞亚群（Th1、Th2、Th17、Treg）、B细胞、中性粒细胞、肥大细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、内皮细胞、细胞因子、趋化因子、补体和细胞外基质。提出了一个框架，将蜱诱导的皮肤免疫效应器的变化与其对蜱传病原体的反应能力结合起来。这些变化的影响得到了解决。蜱虫调节宿主皮肤防御系统会产生什么后果？唾液腺转录组的多样性是否决定了宿主炎症和免疫防御的差异调节，从而在一定程度上决定了不同蜱种有效传播的病原体分支？蜱虫是否会创造一种免疫改变的皮肤环境，从而增强特定病原体的建立？蜱唾液分子可以用来开发阻止病原体传播的疫苗吗？
Ticks are unique among hematophagous arthropods by continuous attachment to host skin and blood feeding for days; complexity and diversity of biologically active molecules differentially expressed in saliva of tick species; their ability to modulate the host defenses of pain and itch, hemostasis, inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, and wound healing; and, the diverse array of infectious agents they transmit. All of these interactions occur at the cutaneous interface in a complex sequence of carefully choreographed host defense responses and tick countermeasures resulting in an environment that facilitates successful blood feeding and establishment of tick-borne infectious agents within the host. Here, we examine diverse patterns of tick attachment to host skin, blood feeding mechanisms, salivary gland transcriptomes, bioactive molecules in tick saliva, timing of pathogen transmission, and host responses to tick bite. Ticks engage and modulate cutaneous and systemic immune defenses involving keratinocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cell subpopulations (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg), B cells, neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, endothelial cells, cytokines, chemokines, complement, and extracellular matrix. A framework is proposed that integrates tick induced changes of skin immune effectors with their ability to respond to tick-borne pathogens. Implications of these changes are addressed. What are the consequences of tick modulation of host cutaneous defenses? Does diversity of salivary gland transcriptomes determine differential modulation of host inflammation and immune defenses and therefore, in part, the clades of pathogens effectively transmitted by different tick species? Do ticks create an immunologically modified cutaneous environment that enhances specific pathogen establishment? Can tick saliva molecules be used to develop vaccines that block pathogen transmission?
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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