Tail regeneration in the Paleozoic tetrapod Microbrachis pelikani and comparison with extant salamanders and squamates

Tail regeneration in the Paleozoic tetrapod Microbrachis pelikani and comparison with extant salamanders and squamates
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古生代四足动物尾部再生及与现存蝾螈和有鳞动物的比较

DOI:
10.1111/jzo.12516
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发表时间:
2017
期刊:
影响因子:
2
通讯作者:
N. B. Fröbisch
N. B. Fröbisch
中科院分区:
生物学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
W. van der Vos;F. Witzmann;N. B. Fröbisch

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在现存的四足动物中,蝾螈是唯一能够完全再生四肢和尾巴的动物,后者包括重建具有轴骨和相关肌肉组织的功能齐全的尾巴。在某些蝾螈分类群中,尾部再生与自切(自切断)有关,但在缺乏尾部自切的蝾螈分类群中也是可能的。现代有鳞动物也经常表现出尾部自切作为防御或诱饵机制,以抵御捕食,但与蝾螈相反,在再生中,尾部骨骼被软骨杆所取代,相关的肌肉组织相当不寻常。在这里,我们描述的细节尾巴再生的化石早期四足动物,microsaurianlepospondylMicrobrachis pelikaniin比较两个蝾螈物种,DesmognathusmonticolaandD。哦。两个标本分别代表了尾巴再生的早期和晚期阶段,清楚地表明这种微型龙能够像蝾螈一样再生尾巴。中轴骨骼的分化与现代蝾螈相似,从近端到远端,并且相对于发育的顺序相反,即椎体的早期建立,然后是神经弓。此外,形态学分析表明,微臂类动物的尾部沿着椎体内自切平面自切,这与现代有鳞类动物相似,但与蝾螈的椎间自切尾不同。研究结果强调,尾部自切的模式独立于再生尾部的整体能力和重建中轴骨骼的能力。蝾螈样尾部再生的系统发育分布表明,这可能代表了肉蟹猴的一个古老特征,这与最近关于四足动物四肢再生进化的数据一致。
Among extant tetrapods, salamanders are the only group capable of full limb and tail regeneration, the latter including the re‐establishment of a fully functional tail with the axial skeleton and associated musculature. Tail regeneration is associated with autotomy (self‐amputation) in some salamander taxa but is also possible in salamander taxa that lack tail autotomy. Modern squamates also frequently show tail autotomy as a defense or decoy mechanisms against predation, but contrary with salamanders, the tail skeleton is replaced by a cartilaginous rod in the regenerate and the associated musculature is rather unusual. Here, we describe details of the tail regeneration in a fossil early tetrapod, the microsaurian lepospondylMicrobrachis pelikaniin comparison to two salamander species,Desmognathus monticolaandD. ocoee. Two specimens ofMicrobrachisrepresent an early and a later stage of tail regeneration and clearly show that this microsaur was capable of salamander‐like tail regeneration. The differentiation of the axial skeleton proceeds in a similar way to modern salamanders from proximal to distal and in a reversed order relative to development, i.e. with an early establishment of the vertebral centra, followed by the neural arches. Moreover, the morphological analysis suggests thatMicrobrachisautotomized its tails along an intravertebral autotomization plane, which is similar to modern squamates but differs from intervertebral tail autotomy seen in salamanders. The findings highlight that patterns of tail autotomy evolved independently from the overall capacity to regenerate the tail and the capacity to re‐establish the axial skeleton. The phylogenetic distribution of salamander‐like tail regeneration suggests that this may represent an ancient feature of sarcopterygians, which is in line with recent data on the evolution of full limb regeneration in tetrapods.
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