Transforming US urban green infrastructure planning to address equity

Transforming US urban green infrastructure planning to address equity
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转变美国城市绿色基础设施规划以解决公平问题

DOI:
10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104591
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发表时间:
2023
影响因子:
9.1
通讯作者:
Pickett, Steward T.A.
Pickett, Steward T.A.
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Grabowski, Zbigniew J.;McPhearson, Timon;Pickett, Steward T.A.

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美国各地的城市都在官方规划工作中采用了绿色基础设施(GI)。这些计划将地理信息系统概念化为为城市居民提供多种功能和利益,并构成对社会不公正和不公平,气候变化,老化和昂贵的基础设施以及社会经济变化等交叉城市挑战的复杂应对措施的一部分。到目前为止,还不清楚官方的城市GI计划是否解决系统性种族主义和城市不平等问题。为了填补这一知识空白,我们编码和分析了来自20个美国城市的122个正式计划,以检查它们是否以及如何在三个领域解决公平和正义问题:愿景,流程和分配。我们发现一个普遍的失败计划的概念化和可操作的股权规划原则。只有13%的计划定义了公平或正义。只有30%的城市承认他们是在原住民的土地上。超过90%的计划没有利用包容性的过程来规划,设计,实施或评估GI,因此在未经社区同意的情况下,针对许多社区进行绿色改进。尽管80%的计划使用地理信息系统来管理灾害,并通过地理信息系统提供多种好处,但只有不到10%的计划确定了分布不均匀和脆弱性的原因。更少的人认识到无家可归和中产阶级化的相关问题。很少有计划有通过新的GI工作建立社区财富的机制。我们在一些城市和计划类型中发现了有希望的最佳实践种子,但没有计划在所有公平方面体现了最佳实践。如果美国城市的正式地理标志规划没有明确和全面地解决公平问题,它可能会重现地理标志旨在缓解的不平等。根据我们的研究结果,我们确定了三个关键需求,以改善当前的地理标志规划实践的绿色基础设施和公平。首先,需要明确公平和正义的定义,其次,规划必须考虑不平等和流离失所的原因,第三,城市地理标志规划需要通过关注包容性来转变。
Cities across the Unites States have embraced green infrastructure (GI) in official planning efforts. The plans conceptualize GI as providing multiple functions and benefits for urban residents, and form part of complex responses to intersectional urban challenges of social injustice and inequity, climate change, aging and expensive infrastructure, and socio-economic change. To date, it is unclear whether official city GI programs address systemic racism and urban inequality. To fill this knowledge gap, we coded and analyzed 122 formal plans from 20 US cities to examine if and how they address equity and justice in three domains: visions, processes, and distributions. We find a widespread failure of plans to conceptualize and operationalize equity planning principles. Only 13% of plans define equity or justice. Only 30% of cities recognize that they are on Native land. Over 90% of plans do not utilize inclusive processes to plan, design, implement, or evaluate GI, and so target many communities for green improvements without their consent. Although 80% of plans use GI to manage hazards and provide multiple benefits with GI, less than 10% identify the causes of uneven distributions and vulnerability. Even fewer recognize related issues of houselessness and gentrification. Very few plans have mechanisms to build community wealth through new GI jobs. We find promising seeds of best practices in some cities and plan types, but no plan exemplified best practices across all equity dimensions. If formal GI planning in US cities does not explicitly and comprehensively address equity concerns, it may reproduce the inequalities that GI is meant to alleviate. Based on our results, we identify-three key needs to improve current GI planning practices for green infrastructure and equity. First, clear definitions of equity and justice are needed, second, planning must engage with causes of inequality and displacement, and third, urban GI planning needs to be transformed through a focus on inclusion.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103317
发表时间: 2021
期刊: Cities
影响因子: 6.7
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