Marginal predation: do encounter or confusion effects explain the targeting of prey group edges?
Marginal predation: do encounter or confusion effects explain the targeting of prey group edges?
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DOI：
10.1093/beheco/arx090
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发表时间：
2017-09
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ioannou CC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duffield C;Ioannou CC
生活在群体中已被证明对被捕食动物有反捕食者的好处，但风险仍然因群体中的个体而异。使用鱼类作为捕食者提出的虚拟猎物的模拟，我们表明，猎物的边缘群体更容易受到攻击比其他人，即使在相对较小的群体规模。我们还表明，遇到猎物的边缘可能会解释这种影响，而不是掠夺性的混乱。边缘捕食，也被称为边缘效应，发生在捕食者优先将猎物聚集在其外围时，并且在许多分类群中早已建立。两个主要的过程已被用来解释这一现象，混淆效应和捕食者和猎物组边缘之间的相遇率。然而，它是未知的，在多大规模的猎物群体需要之前，边缘捕食是可检测的，以及在何种程度上每种机制驱动的效果。我们进行了2个实验，使用组的虚拟猎物被捕食后，3-spined棘鱼（Gasterosteus aculeatus），以解决这些问题。在实验1中，我们表明，组的大小不需要大的边缘捕食发生，这是检测组16个或更多。在实验2中，我们发现，在这个系统中，遭遇率是一个更可能的解释边缘捕食比混淆效应。我们发现，虽然混乱确实影响捕食行为（无论捕食者是否进行攻击），但它不影响边缘捕食。我们的研究结果表明，边缘捕食是一个更常见的现象比原来认为的，因为它也适用于相对较小的群体。同样，由于边缘捕食不需要混淆效应发生，它可能发生在更广泛的捕食者-猎物物种配对中，例如捕食者使用非视觉感官方式搜索猎物的情况。
Living in groups has been shown to have antipredator benefits for prey animals but risk still differs for individuals within a group. Using fish as predators presented with simulations of virtual prey, we show that prey on the edge of groups are more likely to be attacked than others, even at relatively small group sizes. We also show that encountering prey on the edge is likely to explain this effect rather than predatory confusion. Marginal predation, also known as the edge effect, occurs when aggregations of prey are preferentially targeted on their periphery by predators and has long been established in many taxa. Two main processes have been used to explain this phenomenon, the confusion effect and the encounter rate between predators and prey group edges. However, it is unknown at what size a prey group needs to be before marginal predation is detectable and to what extent each mechanism drives the effect. We conducted 2 experiments using groups of virtual prey being preyed upon by 3-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to address these questions. In Experiment 1, we show that group sizes do not need to be large for marginal predation to occur, with this being detectable in groups of 16 or more. In Experiment 2, we find that encounter rate is a more likely explanation for marginal predation than the confusion effect in this system. We find that while confusion does affect predatory behaviors (whether or not predators make an attack), it does not affect marginal predation. Our results suggest that marginal predation is a more common phenomenon than originally thought as it also applies to relatively small groups. Similarly, as marginal predation does not need the confusion effect to occur, it may occur in a wider range of predator–prey species pairings, for example those where the predators search for prey using nonvisual sensory modalities.
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3.3
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