CpG dinucleotide enrichment in the influenza A virus genome as a live attenuated vaccine development strategy

CpG dinucleotide enrichment in the influenza A virus genome as a live attenuated vaccine development strategy
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甲型流感病毒基因组中 CpG 二核苷酸富集作为减毒活疫苗的开发策略

DOI:
10.1101/2022.04.29.490024
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发表时间:
2022
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通讯作者:
Sharp C
Sharp C
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作者:
Sharp C

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RNA病毒基因组的同义重编码是产生减毒病毒用作疫苗的有前途的方法。有问题的是,重新编码通常会阻碍病毒生长,但这可以使用CpG二核苷酸富集来纠正。CpG被细胞锌指抗病毒蛋白(ZAP)识别,因此原则上,从病毒繁殖系统中去除ZAP传感将逆转富含CpG的病毒的减毒,从而实现疫苗病毒的高滴度产量。我们使用基因组片段1中CpG含量增加的A型流感病毒(IAV)疫苗株进行了测试。病毒减毒由ZAP的短同种型介导,与添加的CpG的数量相关,并且通过病毒转录物的周转来制定。富含CpG的病毒在小鼠中被强烈减毒,但传达了对野生型病毒的潜在致死攻击剂量的保护。对于疫苗开发重要的是,CpG富集的病毒在连续传代期间是遗传稳定的。出乎意料的是,在用于繁殖减毒活流感疫苗的MDCK细胞和含胚鸡蛋中,ZAP敏感性病毒具有完全复制能力。因此,在人类系统中有缺陷的ZAP敏感性CpG富集病毒可在疫苗繁殖系统中产生高滴度,从而提供现实的、经济上可行的平台来增强现有的活减毒疫苗。
Synonymous recoding of RNA virus genomes is a promising approach for generating attenuated viruses to use as vaccines. Problematically, recoding typically hinders virus growth, but this may be rectified using CpG dinucleotide enrichment. CpGs are recognised by cellular zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP), and so in principle, removing ZAP sensing from a virus propagation system will reverse attenuation of a CpG-enriched virus, enabling high titre yield of a vaccine virus. We tested this using a vaccine strain of influenza A virus (IAV) engineered for increased CpG content in genome segment 1. Virus attenuation was mediated by the short isoform of ZAP, correlated with the number of CpGs added, and was enacted via turnover of viral transcripts. The CpG-enriched virus was strongly attenuated in mice, yet conveyed protection from a potentially lethal challenge dose of wildtype virus. Importantly for vaccine development, CpG-enriched viruses were genetically stable during serial passage. Unexpectedly, in both MDCK cells and embryonated hens’ eggs that are used to propagate live attenuated influenza vaccines, the ZAP-sensitive virus was fully replication competent. Thus, ZAP-sensitive CpG enriched viruses that are defective in human systems can yield high titre in vaccine propagation systems, providing a realistic, economically viable platform to augment existing live attenuated vaccines.
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