The Vascular-Immune Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease.

The Vascular-Immune Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease.
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DOI:
10.3390/biomedicines11020408
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发表时间:
2023-01-30
期刊:
影响因子:
4.7
通讯作者:
Mehta, Rupal I.
Mehta, Rupal I.
中科院分区:
工程技术3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Mehta, Rashi I.;Mehta, Rupal I.

文献摘要

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阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种病因不明的神经退行性疾病。虽然其原因尚不清楚,但已提出许多理论来解释AD的发病机制。在很大程度上,这些研究集中在β-淀粉样蛋白(βA)和tau聚集体脑内积聚的潜在原因。然而,患有AD痴呆的人通常表现出混合脑病理学的尸检证据,除了AD的标志性神经病理学病变(即不溶性βA斑块和神经纤维缠结(NFT))之外,还包括无数血管变化、血管性脑损伤、复杂的脑炎症和混合蛋白质内含物。流行病学数据表明,重叠病变减少了βA斑块和NFT阈值,这是促使临床痴呆所必需的。此外,表现出AD病理学的人的子集保持对疾病的弹性,而具有临床定义的AD痴呆的其他人不表现出AD定义的神经病理学病变。越来越多的人认识到AD是一种病理学异质性和生物学多因素疾病,其发生和发展涉及未表征的生物学现象。在这里,我们回顾了文献方面的神经病理学标准和早期AD的变化,并讨论了收敛的概念,血管和免疫因素在AD。
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder with unknown etiology. While its cause is unclear, a number of theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of AD. In large part, these have centered around potential causes for intracerebral accumulation of beta-amyloid (βA) and tau aggregates. Yet, persons with AD dementia often exhibit autopsy evidence of mixed brain pathologies including a myriad of vascular changes, vascular brain injuries, complex brain inflammation, and mixed protein inclusions in addition to hallmark neuropathologic lesions of AD, namely insoluble βA plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Epidemiological data demonstrate that overlapping lesions diminish the βA plaque and NFT threshold necessary to precipitate clinical dementia. Moreover, a subset of persons who exhibit AD pathology remain resilient to disease while other persons with clinically-defined AD dementia do not exhibit AD-defining neuropathologic lesions. It is increasingly recognized that AD is a pathologically heterogeneous and biologically multifactorial disease with uncharacterized biologic phenomena involved in its genesis and progression. Here, we review the literature with regard to neuropathologic criteria and incipient AD changes, and discuss converging concepts regarding vascular and immune factors in AD.
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