Rural-Urban Differences in Escape Behavior of European Birds across a Latitudinal Gradient
Rural-Urban Differences in Escape Behavior of European Birds across a Latitudinal Gradient
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欧洲鸟类跨纬度梯度逃逸行为的城乡差异
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
A. Møller
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Diogo S. M. Samia;D. Blumstein;M. Díaz;T. Grim;J. D. Ibáñez;J. Jokimäki;K. Tätte;G. Markó;P. Tryjanowski;A. Møller
在快速城市化的世界中，行为调整是促进物种与人类共存的关键因素。由于与农村动物相比，城市动物的捕食风险往往较低，而且逃生行为耗费巨大，我们预计城市环境将选择提高对人类的容忍度。许多研究通过证明城市鸟类比乡村鸟类缩短了飞行起始距离(FID=猎物开始逃逸时的捕食者-猎物距离)来支持这一预期。在这里，我们提出了这一方法，并首次评估了在欧洲3,900公里纬度梯度上的92对城乡种群中发现的32种鸟类，如何改变它们的捕食风险评估和逃生策略，作为生活在城市地区的函数。我们发现，城市鸟类比乡村鸟类需要更长的时间才能意识到人类的接近，而且城市鸟类比乡村鸟类更能容忍人类的接近。虽然农村和城市人口都需要更长的时间才能意识到人类随着纬度的增加而接近，但这种行为随纬度的变化在城市鸟类中更为强烈(对于给定的纬度单位，城市鸟类比农村鸟类增加距离更多)。我们还发现，随着平均警戒距离的缩短，城市鸟类逃离人类的速度更快，但在农村人口中没有这种关系。虽然随着纬度的增加，农村和城市的鸟类往往都会更快地逃离，但与农村鸟类相比，城市鸟类在低纬度地区的逃生时间更长。这些结果表明，欧洲城市的鸟类生活在比农村鸟类更低的捕食风险下。此外，我们研究中发现的模式表明，当捕食风险较低时，鸟类优先考虑降低持续监测成本。我们的结论是，将逃逸变量分解为组成成分可能会提供有关逃逸根本原因的额外和补充信息。这一新方法对于理解、预测和管理快速城市化世界中的野生动物至关重要。
Behavioral adjustment is a key factor that facilitates species’ coexistence with humans in a rapidly urbanizing world. Because urban animals often experience reduced predation risk compared to their rural counterparts, and because escape behaviour is energetically costly, we expect that urban environments will select for increased tolerance to humans. Many studies have supported this expectation by demonstrating that urban birds have reduced flight initiation distance (FID = predator-prey distance when escape by the prey begins) than rural birds. Here we advanced this approach and, for the first time, assessed how 32 species of birds, found in 92 paired urban-rural populations, along a 3,900 km latitudinal gradient across Europe, changed their predation risk assessment and escape strategy as a function of living in urban areas. We found that urban birds took longer than rural birds to be alerted to human approaches, and urban birds tolerated closer human approach than rural birds. While both rural and urban populations take longer to be aware of an approaching human as latitude increased, this behavioral change with latitude is more intense in urban birds (for a given unit of latitude, urban birds increased their distance more than rural birds). We also found that as mean alert distance was shorter, urban birds escaped more quickly from approaching humans, but there was no such a relationship in rural populations. Although both rural and urban populations tended to escape more quickly as latitude increased, urban birds delayed their escape more at low latitudes when compared with rural birds. These results suggest that urban birds in Europe live under lower predation risk than their rural counterparts. Furthermore, the patterns found in our study indicate that birds prioritize the reduction of on-going monitoring costs when predation risk is low. We conclude that splitting escape variables into constituent components may provide additional and complementary information on the underlying causes of escape. This new approach is essential for understanding, predicting, and managing wildlife in a rapidly urbanizing world.
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Jetz, W.;Thomas, G. H.;Mooers, A. O.
通讯作者：
Mooers, A. O.